Abstract: A process for cleaning vessels containing liquid sulfur dichloride is disclosed. The sulfur dichloride is first removed from the vessel leaving a heel (residue) of liquid and solid material on the bottom of the vessel. The remaining liquid is vaporized by heating the vessel, and the vapors are removed by vacuum and purging, and neutralized by reaction with a basic solution. The vessel is purged with a dry inert gas during heating to prevent exothermic reactions and the formation of toxic reaction products, and to assist in removal of vapors from the vessel. The solid residue remaining in the vessel is then removed from both the bottom and wall portions. In a preferred aspect, the present invention is particularly applicable to cleaning railroad tank cars which are used to transport sulfur dichloride.

Abstract: Non-flammable hydraulic fluids which are particularly useful for replacing existing hydraulic fluids in hydraulic systems employing acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and fluoroelastomer seals are disclosed. The non-flammable hydraulic fluids of the present invention comprise a fluorinated chlorotrifluoroethylene oil, a refined naphthenic oil, a phenolic antioxidant, a sulfur corrosion inhibitor, a metal deactivator, and an aliphatic ester. The fluorinated chlorotrifluoroethylene oil is present in an amount of at least about 75% by volume of the hydraulic fluid. In addition to being non-flammable, such hydraulic fluids are compatible with both the seals and brass components which contact the hydraulic fluid in hydraulic systems.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chloro-difluorobenzene compounds of the formula ##STR1## where R is CN or CF.sub.3, comprises the steps of (A) reacting an alkali metal fluoride with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile or 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride to form the corresponding 4-fluoro-3,5-dinitrobenzonitrile or 4-fluoro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride product.(B) chlorodenitrating the 4-fluoro product of step (A) to form the corresponding 3,5-dichloro-4-fluorobenzonitrile or 3,5-dichloro-4-fluorobenzotrifluoride compound.(C) reacting the 3,5-dichloro-4-fluorobenzonitrile or 3,5-dichloro-4-fluorobenzotrifluoride compound prepared in step (B) with an alkali metal fluoride to form the corresponding 3-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzonitrile or 3-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzotrifluoride compound.

Abstract: The addition of a small amount of hydrogen or a hydrogen-liberating compound such as a metal hydride to a caustic solution serves to suppress the corrosive effect of the solution on nickel-based surfaces. Typical nickel-based surfaces include caustic evaporator surfaces which contain a caustic solution maintained at a temperature of from about 130.degree. C. to about 180.degree. C. A preferred metal hydride is sodium borohydride which is preferably present in an amount of from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm. Concentrated caustic solutions containing less than 0.5 ppm of nickel can be prepared by this process.

Abstract: Chloro-aromatic compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OC.sub.2 F.sub.5, CN, NCO, or COCl, m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1 or 2; q is 1 or 2; q+m+n is less than 6; and when q is 1, m is 2; are prepared by the vapor phase chloro-denitration reaction of a chlorinating agent with a nitro-aromatic compound of the formula ##STR2## where R, m, n and q are as defined above.

Abstract: Telomers formed by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with fluoroxytrifluoromethane are disclosed. The telomerization reaction is conducted in either liquid chlorotrifluoroethylene without a solvent or in solution. The telomers thus formed can optionally be fluorinated by reaction with a suitable fluorinating agent to improve their stability.

Abstract: A dry differential flotation reagent for molybdenum-bearing ore is disclosed comprising from about 1 to about 30 percent by weight of NaSH, 0 to 20 percent by weight of NaOH, 60 to 90 percent by weight of a mixture of sodium thiophosphates comprising, as major components thereof, Na.sub.3 PS.sub.4, Na.sub.3 PS.sub.3 O, Na.sub.3 PS.sub.2 O.sub.2, and Na.sub.3 PO.sub.3 S, with Na.sub.3 PS.sub.4 further comprising from about 15 mole percent to about 70 mole percent of phosphate mixture. The flotation reagent can be prepared by reacting P.sub.4 S.sub.10 with NaOH and NaSH in a molar ratio of about 1:16. When added to a flotation vessel containing molybdenum concentrate, the flotation reagent promotes suppression of lead and copper sulfides, even without the addition of sodium cyanide, to permit the improved recovery of molybdenum with a lower level of impurities.

Abstract: A multi-step process is described for preparing a methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid compound of formula ##STR1## from 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene and for preparing novel intermediate compounds of formula ##STR2## where X is chlorine or fluorine. Methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid is useful for preparing biologically active compounds such as naphthyl thioamide derivatives which inhibit aldose reductase activity.

Abstract: A multi-step process is described for preparing a methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid of formula ##STR1## from 1-methyl-5-naphthoic acid and for preparing novel intermediate compounds of formula ##STR2## where X is chlorine or fluorine. Methoxytrifluoromethylnaphthoic acid is useful for preparing biologically active compounds such as naphthyl thioamide derivatives which inhibit aldose reductase activity.

Abstract: Magnesium and aluminum impurities are removed from aqueous phosphoric acid by treatment with a fluorine material and an alkali metal containing material in such a manner that the atomic ratio of fluorine to aluminum is adjusted so that it is greater than about 2 and the alkali metal plus magnesium to aluminum atomic ratio to a value no greater than about 2. In one embodiment the fluorine to aluminum ratio is below about 11, preferably between about 4 and about 8. By controlling such atomic ratios in the limits prescribed, a more purified aqueous phosphoric acid can be produced having a substantial reduction in the magnesium and aluminum content thereof. The process is useful for wet-process phosphoric acids. The process is also particularly useful for acids having low P.sub.2 O.sub.5 content and/or high aluminum concentration. The purification process does not require evaporation for the removal of impurities, as for example fluorine as silicon tetrafluoride.

Abstract: Substantially all the liquid sulfur dichloride in a vessel is removed from the vessel leaving a heel (residue) of liquid and solid material on the bottom of the vessel. The remaining liquid is vaporized by heating the vessel, and the vapors are removed by vacuum and purging. The vessel is purged with an inert gas during heating to prevent exothermic reactions and the formation of toxic reaction products, and to assist in removal of vapors from the vessel. The removed liquid and vapors are neutralized by reaction with sodium hydroxide. The solid residue remaining in the vessel is then removed from both the bottom and wall portions.

Abstract: Non-blooming fire retardant compositions are disclosed comprising an ammonium phosphate-containing fire retardant and an effective amount of boric acid or an alkali metal borate. The ammonium phosphate-containing fire retardant preferably comprises the reaction mixture of aqueous phosphoric acid and an alkylene oxide. Preferably, the boric acid or alkali metal borate is present in an amount of from about 2.5% to about 12% by weight of solids in the phosphate-containing fire retardant. Such compositions are less susceptible to exudation of the fire retardant from treated wood panels during drying of the panels at elevated temperatures, and are particularly suitable for use in continuous treatment processes.

Abstract: A telomerization process comprises reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene with bisfluoroxydifluoromethane. The telomerization reaction is conducted in either liquid chlorotrifluoroethylene without a solvent or in solution. The telomers thus formed can optionally be fluorinated by reaction with a suitable fluorinating agent to improve their stability.

Abstract: Phosphatic wastes produced during the mining and beneficiation of phosphate ore are concentrated by treatment in a crossflow filter under conditions which prevent the formation of a filter cake on the filtering surface. Slimes having an initial concentration of suspended solids, usually less than about 5% suspended solids, can be treated in series of crossflow filters to concentrate the solids to 24% or higher. In one embodiment a series of three spiral-wound crossflow filters followed by a fourth stage tubular crossflow filter is used to concentrate a slime having about 3% suspended solids to a concentrate having 30% or more suspended solids. By maintaining the linear velocity over the surface of the filter medium at 5 ft/sec. or higher a relatively high permeation rate can be achieved while producing a permeate having an extremely low suspended solids concentration. Proper selection of filter medium and flow rates can produce permeates having a turbidity less than about 5 Jackson Turbidity Units.

Abstract: Non-flammable hydraulic fluids which are particularly useful for replacing existing hydraulic fluids in hydraulic systems employing acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and Viton or PNF seals are disclosed. The non-flammable hydraulic fluids of the present invention comprise a fluorinated chlorotrifluoroethylene oil, an aliphatic ester, a liquid polyester or polyether, a hydrocarbon oil having a low wax content, and a phenolic antioxidant. The chlorotrifluoroethylene oil is present in an amount of at least about 75% by volume of the hydraulic fluid. Such hydraulic fluids are useful in applications where the flammability of existing fluids poses a significant risk of combustion or explosion due to the possibility of leakage of the fluid from the hydraulic system.

Abstract: A dry differential flotation reagent for molybdenum-bearing ore is disclosed comprising from about 1 to about 30 percent by weight of NaSH, 0 to 20 percent by weight of NaOH, 60 to 90 percent by weight of a mixture of sodium thiophosphates comprising, as major components thereof, Na.sub.3 PS.sub.4, Na.sub.3 PS.sub.3 O, Na.sub.3 PS.sub.2 O.sub.2, and Na.sub.3 PO.sub.3 S, with Na.sub.3 PS.sub.4 further comprising from about 15 mole percent to about 70 mole percent of the phosphate mixture. The flotation reagent can be prepared by reacting P.sub.4 S.sub.10 with NaOH and NaSH in a molar ratio of about 1:16. When added to a flotation vessel containing molybdenum concentrate, the flotation reagent promotes suppression of lead and copper sulfides, even without the addition of sodium cyanide, to permit the improved recovery of molybdenum with a lower level of impurities.

Abstract: A porous polyfluoroalkylene sheet, preferably of polytetrafluoroethylene, which is suitable for use as a stable low voltage separator or diaphragm in an electrolytic cell, such as one employed for the electrolysis of brine, without being subject to an objectionable voltage increase upon use, is of a thickness in the range of about 0.2 to 2 mm., a porosity in the range of about 70 to 90% and of pore sizes within a range up to about one mm. in diameter, with a pore size distribution such that the pores of a diameter about 0.1 micron (or less) are less than 10% of the total pore volume and the volume of those of about one to ten microns is a substantial part, e.g. 50%, of the total pore volume, and with the ratio of the numbers of such pores in the lower size range to those in the upper range being less than about 30. Limiting the 0.

Abstract: Bisfluoroxydifluoromethane is prepared by the continuous reaction of carbon dioxide and fluorine in the presence of a cesium fluoride catalyst. The reaction is preferably conducted at a temperature in the range of from about -50.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. and a mole ratio of CO.sub.2 :F.sub.2 in the range of from about 0.2 to about 0.95.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a process for the conversion of an aryl halide into an aryl cyanide, which comprises the steps of:(a) providing a first electrode and a second electrode of opposite polarity from said first electrode in an electrolyte, said electrolyte comprising an aryl halide and a zerovalent Group VIII metal catalyst complex dissolved in a conductive solvent, wherein said Group VIII metal catalyst complex is capable of catalyzing the conversion of said aryl halide to an aryl cyanide in the presence of cyanide ions and susceptible to reaction with cyanide ions to yield a catalytically inactive Group VIII metal species,(b) providing cyanide ions in said electrolyte to convert said aryl halide to said aryl cyanide,(c) providing a flow of current between said electrodes, and(d) selectively controlling the electrical potential between said first and second electrode to convert said catalytically inactive Group VIII metal species to said zero valent Group VIII metal catalyst complex.

Abstract: A rodenticide is disclosed comprising an encapsulated zinc phosphide toxicant, a bait, and a binder for adhering the encapsulated zinc phosphide to the bait, said binder comprising a polyol or a sugar-containing fluid. The encapsulant is a thermoplastic polyamide, preferably nylon, present in an amount of from about 2% to about 10% by weight of zinc phosphide. When the bait is a grain or a processed grain, a zinc salt is preferably added to the rodenticide to inhibit the generation of phosphine. Histamine, a histamine salt or a histamine-producing substance, such as red pepper, can also be added to the rodenticide to stimulate acid secretion in the stomach of the rodent.A particulate encapsulated product is also disclosed comprising a core of zinc phosphide having a coating of a thermoplastic polyamide present in the range of from about 2% to about 10% by weight. The encapsualted product is a small particle capable of passing through a 40 mesh size screen.