Abstract: A rotational viscometer contains a measuring shaft that can be rotated at a specified rotational speed, a measuring part that is carried by the measuring shaft and that can be lowered into a sample, and a detection unit for determining the angle of torsion of the measuring part relative to the driven part of the measuring shaft. Accordingly, a twistable element is inserted into the measuring shaft, preferably in the section of the measuring shaft close to a motor. The detection unit is moved along with the shaft and determines the relative twist or the angle of torsion (twist) between the shaft part located on the motor side relative to the twistable element and the shaft part located on the measuring-part side. The output signals of the detection unit are fed to an evaluation device as the basis for determining the viscosity of the sample.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus determine the rheological properties of medium samples. The normal forces arising in a measuring gap perpendicular to the measuring surfaces are recorded with a recording unit and the height of the measuring gap is adjusted with a positioning unit and with positioning elements actuated by the positioning unit. During the measuring procedure the initial height of the measuring gap is kept constant, by the values of the normal forces arising being linked with a calibrating function, and in that, upon detection of normal forces arising, values derived from the calibrating function are drawn upon as control signals, with which at least one sliding actuator acting on at least one of the two measuring elements is driven, which by position adjustment or height adjustment of the respective measuring element performs an immediate resetting of a height of the measuring gap, changed by the normal forces exerted by the medium sample to be examined, to the initial spacing set originally.

Abstract: A device determines information indicative for a zeta potential at the interface between a solid phase and a liquid phase. The device includes a pressure vessel, in which the liquid phase can be accommodated and a measuring cell, downstream of the pressure vessel and such that it can be brought into fluid communication with the pressure vessel and in which the solid phase can be accommodated. A storage vessel is downstream of and in fluid communication with the measuring cell. A pressure loading apparatus, loads the pressure vessel with a pressure profile with a temporally continuous pressure change so a liquid phase can be conveyed out of the pressure vessel through the measuring cell into the storage vessel. A detection apparatus detects the information indicative for the zeta potential at the measuring cell during the loading of the pressure vessel with the pressure profile.

Abstract: An ATR sensor has a housing and sensor components in the housing including an electromagnetic radiation source for emitting a predefined wavelength range, a reflection body permeable for radiation and contactable with a fluid to be evaluated, and a detector for the reflected radiation as well as other members for conducting the measurement and for operation. The sensor is particularly suited for measuring a CO2 content of a fluid. Before sealing the housing in a gas-tight manner, in particular for avoiding a measurement value drift and for keeping the radiation paths free of CO2, a CO2 getter material is introduced into the housing and/or into a receiving space of an additional housing that communicates with the interior space of the housing before sealing the interior space and/or the receiving space.

Abstract: There is described a device for rotatably supporting at least one reaction vessel in a microwave heating apparatus. The described device comprises (a) a base plate comprising at least one through-hole, and (b) at least one tubular member having a longitudinal axis and being adapted to receive a reaction vessel and to be coupled to the base plate in such a way that the longitudinal axis of the at least one tubular member passes through the at least one through-hole, wherein the at least one tubular member comprises metal. Furthermore, there is described a system for performing digestion or synthesis comprising a microwave heating apparatus and a device as described above.

Abstract: The present invention relates a microwave applicator for heating a sample by microwave radiation which is transmitted via an at least partially tapering transmission duct from a microwave source to a cavity adapted to receive the sample to be heated. The transmission duct has at least one external wall, said wall defining an internal space for the propagation of said microwave radiation and comprising an interface which is at least partially permeable to said microwave radiation. The interface is at least partially arranged within said tapering portion of the duct. The duct is adapted to form a jacket surrounding the cavity with said interface forming an inner wall of said jacket.

Abstract: A method establishes rheometric parameters of samples using a rotational rheometer. A thickness of a measurement gap delimited by measurement parts is measured by a measuring unit and a predetermined thickness value is adjusted, readjusted or kept constant when the measurement temperature is changed or set to a predetermined measurement temperature setpoint value. Accordingly, starting at a time at which at least one region of a measurement part has reached the predetermined measurement temperature, measurement values to be established, more particularly continuously, at predetermined measurement times and/or for predetermined time intervals delimited by predetermined measurement times, for the changing thickness of the measurement gap and/or for the rate of change in thickness or readjustment of thickness, and for the measurement of the rheological parameters only to be commenced once these measurement values have dropped below a specific predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A cuvette comprising a cuvette wall for limiting a sample reception space for receiving a fluid sample is disclosed. The cuvette wall is adapted to allow a traversal of measurement radiation through the fluid sample situated within the sample reception space. An information presenter is fixed at the cuvette wall. The information presenter wirelessly provides data to be transferred to an external data reception module. The data to be transferred relates to the cuvette. Further, an optical measurement apparatus is described.

Abstract: An extension assembly is connected or connectable, in terms of driving, to a double-motor rheometer. The double-motor rheometer includes first and second measuring motors controllable independently of each other, and provided for determining a torsional moment generated by the corresponding measuring motor. The extension assembly includes first and second sample holding parts for holding a first sample portion and a second sample portion of the sample. The first sample holding part is driveable by the first measuring motor in a rotational movement about a first axis, and the second sample holding part is driveable by the second measuring motor in a rotational movement about a second axis. The first axis is arranged so as to be parallel to and spaced apart from the second axis. The sample held in the first sample portion and in the second sample portion extends between the respective sample holding parts.

Abstract: An ATR sensor has a housing and sensor components in the housing including an electromagnetic radiation source for emitting a predefined wavelength range, a reflection body permeable for radiation and contactable with a fluid to be evaluated, and a detector for the reflected radiation as well as other members for conducting the measurement and for operation. The sensor is particularly suited for measuring a CO2 content of a fluid. Before sealing the housing in a gas-tight manner, in particular for avoiding a measurement value drift and for keeping the radiation paths free of CO2, a CO2 getter material is introduced into the housing and/or into a receiving space of an additional housing that communicates with the interior space of the housing before sealing the interior space and/or the receiving space.

Abstract: A method and a device examine a sample with radiation emitted from a radiation source, which is directed to the sample carried by a sample holder via a beam-forming unit and detected by a detector and evaluated in an evaluating unit. Prior to the examination of the sample, at least one of the following components, including the radiation source, beam-forming unit, sample holder, detector, and a primary beam stop, are oriented and/or positioned in terms of spatial location in relation to at least one of the other components and/or in relation to a predefined fixed point and/or in relation to the optical path with a control unit via actuating drives. The radiation intensity measured by the detector, in a predefined detector range, and/or a value derived therefrom is used for establishing a control variable conferred from the control unit to the actuating drives assigned to the components.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring information indicative of electromobility in a sample includes a light source for generating coherent light, a modulator that modulates the optical path length, particularly a reciprocatable modulator arranged for modulating a first part of the generated light, a sample cell for accommodating the measured sample for applying an electric field to the sample and for receiving a second part of the generated light for interaction with the sample in the electric field, a modulator monitor for monitoring the modulator by detecting interference between a first part of the light coming from the modulator and an unmodulated third part of the generated light, and a light detector arranged separately from the modulator monitor for detecting interference between a second part of light coming from the modulator and light received from the sample cell. The detected signal includes the information indicative of electromobility in the sample.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for studying the X-ray properties of samples (3c), wherein X-ray radiation scattered by a sample (3c) is recorded by a detector (5) positioned at a distance from the sample (3c) and is evaluated with respect to the characteristics of the sample. According to the invention, it is provided that at a predetermined distance between the X-ray beam source (1) and the detector (5) or between the starting point (2b) of the X-ray beam (10) directed at the sample (3c) and the detector (5), for a predetermined number of successive measurements the distance (S1, S2) between the sample (3c) and the detector (5) is changed and is set at a predetermined different value.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus determine the rheological properties of medium samples. The normal forces arising in a measuring gap perpendicular to the measuring surfaces are recorded with a recording unit and the height of the measuring gap is adjusted with a positioning unit and with positioning elements actuated by the positioning unit. During the measuring procedure the initial height of the measuring gap is kept constant, by the values of the normal forces arising being linked with a calibrating function, and in that, upon detection of normal forces arising, values derived from the calibrating function are drawn upon as control signals, with which at least one sliding actuator acting on at least one of the two measuring elements is driven, which by position adjustment or height adjustment of the respective measuring element performs an immediate resetting of a height of the measuring gap, changed by the normal forces exerted by the medium sample to be examined, to the initial spacing set originally.

Abstract: The CO2 content in a liquid, in particular a beverage, is to be tested. Three absorption measurements of the liquid are carried out respectively at a wavelength within a first wavelength range between 4200 and 4300 nm to measure a first absorption value with attenuated total reflectance, at a second wavelength within a second wavelength range between 3950 and 4050 nm and a second absorption value with attenuated total reflectance, and at a third wavelength within a third wavelength range between 3300 and 3900 nm and a third absorption value with attenuated total reflectance. A pre-defined model function is used for determining the CO2 content based on the first, second and third absorption values. The model function is applied to the absorption values and the result of the evaluation is kept available as the CO2 content of the liquid to be tested.

Abstract: An optical device, particularly a polarimeter, is provided for analyzing a liquid sample, having: a light-generating system for generating light for the surface irradiation of the sample; a detection system which is set up for the spatially resolved detection of light which originates from the transmission of the light provided for the surface irradiation through the sample; a telecentric optical system with a lens between the sample and the detection system and with an aperture diaphragm in the focal plane of the lens between the lens and the detection system.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus determine the rheological properties of medium samples. The normal forces arising in a measuring gap perpendicular to the measuring surfaces are recorded with a recording unit and the height of the measuring gap is adjusted with a positioning unit and with positioning elements actuated by the positioning unit. During the measuring procedure the initial height of the measuring gap is kept constant, by the values of the normal forces arising being linked with a calibrating function, and in that, upon detection of normal forces arising, values derived from the calibrating function are drawn upon as control signals, with which at least one sliding actuator acting on at least one of the two measuring elements is driven, which by position adjustment or height adjustment of the respective measuring element performs an immediate resetting of a height of the measuring gap, changed by the normal forces exerted by the medium sample to be examined, to the initial spacing set originally.

Abstract: A method for testing samples uses a rheometer in which a measuring shaft bearing a first measuring part is rotated by a motor and the sample is introduced into a measuring gap between the first measuring part and a further measuring part. The further measuring part is mounted on a further, driven measuring shaft and the two measuring parts are rotated or oscillated at a predetermined speed independently of one another, or brought to a standstill.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a device for heating a sample by microwave radiation comprising a source of microwave radiation, a first waveguide for guiding said microwave radiation to an applicator space adapted to receive said sample to be heated, wherein said applicator space is defined by a terminal portion of said first waveguide and an initial portion of a second waveguide extending from said terminal portion of said first waveguide and being arranged at an angle with respect to said first waveguide.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method and a device for uniformly heating a sample by microwave radiation. According to the invention, at least one stirring element is immersed at least partly in a sample to be heated, said stirring element comprising a magnetic or magnetisable material. A rotating or oscillating magnetic field interacting with said stirring element is generated in a cavity adapted to receive the sample to be heated in order to impart a rotational or translational movement to said stirring element. The rotational or translational movement of said stirring element is contactlessly detected while applying microwave radiation to said sample.