Abstract: A process for preparing polyaryl ethers of the formula I or Ia ##STR1## by condensation of at least one appropriate bisphenol with at least one appropriate aromatic dichloride in the presence of an alkali metal carbonate in a dipolar aprotic solvent, is carried out in the presence of a catalyst selected from the alkali metal nitrites and the group of compounds of the formula II ##STR2## where r.sup.1 and r.sup.3 are each hydrogen, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 -phenylalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkoxy, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or nitro, and R.sup.2 is nitro or nitroso, or ##STR3## where R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

Abstract: A process for the production of micromoldings having a high aspect ratio by imagewise irradiation of a polymer with high-energy, parallel radiation from an X-ray source employs, as the polymer, a copolymer comprising SO.sub.2 and one or more ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds.

Abstract: Cinnamic esters of the formula I ##STR1## where the dotted bond is a single or double bond, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or fluorine, R.sup.2 is halogen, R.sup.3 is hydrogen, halogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, R.sup.4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, or is C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyl or benzyl, and X is oxygen or sulfur, processes for their manufacture, and agents containing them.

Abstract: Ziegler-Natta-type catalyst systems containing, as active constituents,a) a titanium-containing solid component which also contains magnesium, halogen and a carboxylic acid ester as electron donor,b) an aluminum component,c) a further electron-donor component, and, as an additional component,d) an organometallic compound of the general formula A or B ##STR1## where M.sup.1 is an element f rom main group I, and M.sup.2 is an element from main group II of the Periodic Table, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 -aryl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 -arylalkyl, or 5- to 7-membered cycloalkyl, which may itself carry C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl groups,can be used to prepare polymers which have, in particular, a low proportion of very fine grains.

Abstract: In order to prepare thermoplastic molding materials ofA) 5-95% by weight of a modified polyphenylene ether,B) 5 to 95% by weight of a thermoplastic polyamide,C) 0 to 25% by weight of an impact-modifying rubber, andD) 0 to 50% by weight of auxiliaries and/or additives,the components A and B and if necessary the components C and D are fed individually at one or more points into an extruder, mixed with one another, and melted. The component A present in a pulverulent consistency is compacted and/or sintered under pressure and if necessary with the addition of heat, preferably at a pressure corresponding to a nip pressure of 1 to 100 kn/cm to form a porous compact before it is fed into the extruder. The compact is then modified and added as granules to the feed zone of the extruder. In this way the proportion of the fines in the polyphenylene ether is considerably reduced, so that there is virtually no further danger of dust explosions.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of phthalides of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently of one another, are hydrogen, C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkyl or C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkoxy, by reacting phthalic anhydrides of the formula II ##STR2## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are as defined as above, on hydrogenation catalysts at from 50.degree. to 400.degree. C. and at from 1 to 400 bar, wherein the hydrogenation catalysts employed are essentially free from Lewis acids.

Abstract: Catalyst systems for the polymerization of C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 -alk-1-enes contain, as active components,a) a metallocene complex of the general formula I ##STR1## where M is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum, X is halogen or C.sub.1 --C.sub.8 -alkyl, Y is carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon or germanium, Z is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 -cycloalkyl or C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 -aryl, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, R.sup.3 to R.sup.6 are identical or different and are each hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl, or two adjacent radicals R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 in each case together form a hydrocarbon ring system of 4 to 15 carbon atoms and n is 0, 1 or 2, andb) an open-chain or cyclic alumoxane compound of the general formula II or III ##STR2## where R.sup.7 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl and n is from 5 to 30.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid of the formula I ##STR1## in which .alpha.-chloro-2,4,6-trimethylacetophenone is reacted with an alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst at a temperature ranging from 0.degree. to 150.degree. C. and a pressure ranging from 0.01 to 50 bar, and a process for the preparation of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid I, in which .alpha.-chloro-2.4.6-trimethylacetophenone of the formula II ##STR2## is reacted with 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature ranging from 0.degree. to 150.degree. C. and a pressure ranging from 0.01 to 50 bar, the catalyst used being an iron oxide.

Abstract: Substituted N-phenylpiperidines I ##STR1## (R.sup.1 =H, NO.sub.2, CN, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OH, CH.sub.2 OH, COOH, CHO, NH--CHO, NH.sub.2, CO--NH.sub.2, 5-tetrazinyl, R.sup.4 --O--, R.sup.4 --O--CH.sub.2 --, R.sup.4 O--CO--, R.sup.4 --CO--, R.sup.4 --NH--CO, R.sup.4 --CO--NH--, R.sup.4 --SO.sub.2 --NH--;R.sup.2 =H, NO.sub.2, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or R.sup.4 --O--; ##STR2## R.sup.4 =C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or phenyl which can carry one of the R.sup.2 radicals;R.sup.5, R.sup.6 =H or one of the R.sup.4 radicals; R.sup.7 =one of the R.sup.1 radicals;n=0 or 1; m=1 or 2; with the proviso that R.sup.3 is ##STR3## only when n is 1, and the optical isomers in the case of optical isomerism, and the physiologically tolerated acid addition salts, are suitable as drugs.

Abstract: Use of a ternary blowing agent mixture containing water, HCFC-22, and either or both of methylene chloride or 1,1,1-trichloroethane allows the preparation of rigid urethane and polyisocyanurate foams displaying good dimensional stability and low aged k-factors.

Abstract: Carboxylic acids of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently of one another are each hydrogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl and x, y and z independently of one another are each 0 or an integer of from 1 to 6, and/or their anhydrides can permanently suppress the formation of water trees in electrical medium and high voltage cables which contain electrically insulating and/or electrically semiconductive layers based on ethylene homopolymers and/or copolymers, even when the relevant layers contain water-soluble basic salts. Accordingly, polymeric mixtures based on ethylene homopolymers and/or copolymers which contain the above-mentioned carboxylic acids I and/or their anhydrides are very useful for the production of electrically insulating and electrically semiconductive layers as used in electrical medium and high voltage cables.

Abstract: Pigment preparations useful for pigmenting or delustering finishes for leather and leather substitutes consist essentially of pigments or delusterants or a mixture thereof, binders, water and if desired further customary dispersants and auxiliaries, the binders used being copolymers ofA) from 40 to 80% by weight of at least one aromatic vinyl compound of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and n is 1 or 2,B) from 20 to 60% by weight of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or a mixture thereof, andC) from 0 to 10% by weight of further copolymerizable monomers,in the form of their salts.

Abstract: An N-substituted polyamideimide essentially composed of identical or different repeating units of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is one of the following tetravalent aromatic radicals ##STR2## and X is a bond or one of the following linkers ##STR3## where R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 are each, independently of one another, one of the following divalent aromatic radicals ##STR4## and where X has the abovementioned meanings and where R.sup.3 is hydrogen or a monovalent radical such as C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or phenyl, and the C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl-, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy-, aryl- or halogen-substituted derivatives thereof, and precursors (monomers) therefor, are described.

Abstract: 3-(N-3,4,5,6-Tetrahydrophthalimido)-cinnamic esters of the general formula I ##STR1## where n is 1 or 2 and the substituents have the following meanings:R.sup.1 is hydrogen or fluorine,R.sup.2 is halogen,R.sup.3 is hydrogen, halogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl,R.sup.4 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.7 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyl or benzyl,R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl,processes for their manufacture, and herbicidal agents containing them.

Abstract: A molding based on supercritically dried silica aerogel parts in the form of spherical particles having a diameter of from 0.1 to 10 mm or sheet-like pieces having a thickness of from 2 to 30 mm and a diameter of from 1 to 5 cm, wherein the molding is produced by pressing at from 500.degree. to 1000.degree. C. and at from 0.5 to 10 bar, if necessary under a protective gas, such as nitrogen, without addition of binders.

Abstract: A chemical sensor consists of(a) a solid substrate,(b) a layer (D) which is applied to the substrate and contains one or more fluorescent compounds and(c) a layer (A) which is applied to the layer (D) and contains one or more coupling components (K) which, as a result of reacting with the analyte, give rise to one or more specific absorption bands, some or all of which overlap in the spectrum with the emission of the fluorescent compound of layer (D).

Abstract: A process for the preparation of .beta.-hydroxycarboxylates of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 individually denoteC.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl optionally substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkoxy and/or halogen, C.sub.3 -C.sub.20 alkoxycarbonylalkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.30 acetalalkenyl, aryl optionally mono- to penta-substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkoxy, and/or halogen, C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 aralkyl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 aralkenyl, hetaryl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.20 cycloalkyl, or C.sub.4 -C.sub.20 cycloalkylalkyl,or together denote a C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 alkylene chainand one or other of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 denotes hydrogen, andR.sup.3 denotes hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 alkenyl, aryl optionally mono- to penta-substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkoxy, and/or halogen, C.sub.7 -C.sub.20 aralkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.20 cycloalkyl, or C.sub.4 -C.sub.20 cycloalkylalkyl, andR.sup.4 denotes C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.

Abstract: Polyamide is semi-continuously depolymerized by: (a) charging the polyamide to a depolymerization reactor containing 5 to 50% by weight of an unpolymerized catalyst; (b) melting the polyamide and subjecting the resultant melt to a flow of superheated steam to obtain a steam distillate; (c) separating amide monomers in the distillate from other volatiles therein; (d) when conversion to amide monomers is 40 to 90% complete, recharging polyamide to the depolymerization reactor; and (e) repeating steps (a)-(d) until a desired amount of polyamide is depolymerized.

Abstract: A process for preparing formic acid by thermal cleavage of quaternary ammonium formates of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are C.sub.1 - to C.sub.14 -alkyl, C.sub.3 - to C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, aryl or C.sub.7 - to C.sub.16 -aralkyl, or together are 1,4- or 1,5-alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted one to four times by C.sub.1 -to C.sub.4 -alkyl, with the proviso that the sum of the carbon atoms of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 in the quaternary ammonium formates I is 7 to 40,comprises carrying out the cleavage in the presence of secondary formamides of the general formula II ##STR2## where R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are C.sub.2 - to C.sub.10 -alkyl, C.sub.3 - to C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, aryl or C.sub.7 - to C.sub.16 -aralkyl, or together are 1,4- or 1,5-alkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted one to four times by C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkyl,which formamides boil 30.degree. to 150.degree. C. lower than the tertiary amine of the general formula III ##STR3## where R.sup.1, R.

Abstract: In order to prepare thermoplastic molding materials from pulverulent polyphenylene ethers and aromatic vinyl polymers by melt extrusion, the pulverulent polyphenylene ether is first of all compacted and/or sintered under pressure and if necessary with the addition of heat, preferably under a pressure corresponding to a nip pressure of from 1 to 100 kN/cm, to form a porous compact. The compact is then fed in the form of agglomerates having a particle size of from about 0.5 mm to about 20 mm into an extruder or the like, mixed with the aromatic vinyl polymer and if desired further components, and melted. In this way the proportion of the fines in the polyphenylene ether is considerably reduced, with the result that there is virtually no further danger of dust explosions. Further advantages include improved ease of metering and reduced electrostatic charge of the agglomerates. The extruded molding materials have good mechanical properties and also high thermal stability.