Abstract: Aqueous solutions of organic acids or bases are obtained by a process in which(a) an aqueous solution of a salt of an organic acid or of an organic base and(b) respectively, an aqueous solution of an inorganic base or of an inorganic acid are each passed into compartments of an exchange cell which are separated from one another by an ion exchange membrane, and the solution (a) and (b) are transported past the surface of the membrane.

Abstract: Hydrazine-free vinlypyrrolidone polymers which dissolve in water and organic solvents to give a clear solution are prepared by polymerization using di-tert-butyl peroxide in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: Polyacetals obtainable by reaction of(a) a dialdehyde of the formulaOHC--A.sub.n --CHOwhereA=C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkylene or ##STR1## and n is 0 or 1, is reacted with(b) a polycarboxylic acid of 5 to 7 carbon atoms which contains not less than 3 OH groups,in a molar ratio (a):(b) of 1:0.25 to 4 in an aqueous medium in the presence of an acid catalyst, are used as additives in washing agents and as complexing agents for heavy metal ions.

Abstract: The terminally functionalized polymers are prepared from living polymers obtained by anionic polymerization of olefinically unsaturated monomers by reacting the living polymers first with capping reagents comprising nitrogen compounds of the general formulae I to VII: ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 are each H, alkyl cycloalkyl or aryl, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are each alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl and A is a substituted or unsubstituted bridge which, in addition to the C members, can also contain N or O members and ##STR2## where R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are each alkyl or aryl, A is a single-membered substituted or unsubstituted carbon bridge and B is a 2- to 12-membered bridge of which at least those members adjacent to the nitrogen atom comprise --C(R.sup.8, R.sup.9) radicals, where R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 can be identical or different and are H, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and the nonadjacent members can be not only --C(R.sup.8, R.sup.

Abstract: Wholly aromatic mesomorphic polyester amides which form a liquid-crystalline fiber-forming melt below 320.degree. C., composed of(a) from 3 to 30 mol % of repeat units of the formula I ##STR1## (b) from 3 to 30 mol % of repeat units of the formula II and/or III ##STR2## (c) from 2 to 25 mol % of one or more of the repeat units of the formula IV, V or VI, ##STR3## (d) a molar amount corresponding to the total amount of components (a), (b) and (c) excluding the repeat unit of the formula III, of the repeat units of the formula VII ##STR4## which, if desired, can in part be replaced by repeat units of the formula VIII ##STR5## (e) if desired from 5 to 25 mol % of repeat units of the formula IX ##STR6## (f) repeat units of the formula X ##STR7## the molar proportions of components (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f) in each case adding up to 100 mol %, and preparation thereof.

Abstract: Aldehydes and ketones of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an organic radical of 1 to n carbon atoms and R.sup.2 is a non-aromatic organic radical of 1 to m carbon atoms, (m+n) ranging from 2 to 24 and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 being combinable to form a 4- to 12-membered ring, are prepared in a continuous manner by oxidizing an alcohol of the general formula II ##STR2## with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas at elevated temperatures in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst, by effecting the oxidation by means of a supported catalyst composed of an inert carrier having a smooth surface and from 0.1 to 20% by weight, based on the amount of carrier, of an active layer of copper, silver and/or gold in a tubular reactor or tube bundle reactor where the internal diameter D of the tube or tubes ranges from 10 to 50 mm and the largest diameter d of the coated supported catalysts is subject to the relationship d=from 0.1 to 0.2 D.

Abstract: Caprolactam and oligomers thereof are removed from nylon granules containing same in a process wherein(a) nylon granules are introduced at not less than 100.degree. C. at the top of a substantially upright treatment zone,(b) nylon granules are passed downward through the treatment zone while being heated to from 130.degree. to 210.degree. C.,(c) superheated steam is passed at from 130.degree. to 210.degree. C. upward through the treatment zone,(d) dry nylon granules are withdrawn at the bottom end of the treatment zone and steam containing caprolactam and oligomers thereof is withdrawn at the top of the treatment zone,(e) the caprolactam and oligomers thereof containing steam thus obtained is passed through a column giving an aqueous solution of caprolactam and oligomers thereof as bottom product and virtually caprolactam-free steam as overhead product.

Abstract: Relief plates and printing plates are produced by a positive-working process, using a photopolymerizable layer which contains one or more photopolymerizable, olefinically unsaturated compounds, one or more photoinitiators which can be activated by UV light, and a combination of a phenothiazinium, phenoxazinium, phenazinium or acridinium dye with a mild reducing agent which, on exposure to visible light, is capable of reducing the dye in the excited electronic state. The photopolymerizable layer is exposed imagewise to light having a wavelength longer than 450 nm, and simultaneously or subsequently exposed uniformly to light having a wavelength of from 300 to 420 nm, after which the unpolymerized areas of the layer are removed.

Abstract: Partially carbonized polymeric fibrous materials heretofore available have been observed to exhibit unstable electrical resistivity values upon exposure to ambient conditions with such values substantially increasing upon the passage of time. In accordance with the concept of the present invention the previously prepared partially carbonized polymeric fibrous materials (as described) are subjected to heating at a temperature of approximately 180.degree. to 450.degree. C. (preferably approximately 240.degree. to 360.degree. C.) in an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen for an extended period of time (as described) wherein the quantity of bound oxygen present therein is substantially increased, the electrical resistivity is increased, and the stability of the resulting electrical resistivity is substantially enhanced.

Abstract: Polyethers with are suitable as oil demulsifiers are obtainable by reacting(A) a polyalkylene oxide obtained from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and containing in total from 5 to 200 alkylene oxide units with(B) an alkylolation product of a low molecular weight aldehyde and a bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-methane of the general formula II ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be identical or different and are each hydrogen, low molecular weight alkyl, phenyl, carboxyl or low molecular weight alkoxycarbonyl, the molar reaction ratio of the compound of the formula II to the alkylolating aldehyde being from 1:1 to 1:4, at from 100.degree. to 180.degree. C. in the presence of an acidic catalyst with removal of the water of reaction, the weight ratio of A to B being from 5:1 to 1:3.

Abstract: Detergents which contain from 0.01 to 20% by weight of oxyalkylated, carbonyl-containing polymers can be prepared by reacting.(A) a polymer which contains, as copolymerized units, one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -carboxylic acids with(B) ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide, isobutylene oxide or a mixture of these, in an aqueous medium at up to 150.degree. C.

Abstract: Textile materials made of natural or synthetic polyamides or mixtures thereof are dyed in the presence of a cyclic ester of sulfurous acid with an aliphatic 1,2-diol in place of a customary pH regulant.

Abstract: Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide containing reaction mixtures obtained by oxidation of cyclohexane with molecular oxygen or molecular oxygen containing gases in the liquid phase at from 130.degree. to 200.degree. C. and under from 5 to 125 bar are worked up by reaction with cycloolefins at elevated temperature in the presence of catalysts to react cyclohexyl hydroperoxide with cyclohexene at elevated temperatures in the presence of cyclohexene-soluble compounds of transition metals of groups 4 or 5 or 6 of the periodic table or of one or more cyclohexane-insoluble compounds of a transition metal of group 4 or 5 or 6, or in the presence of selenium, tellurium or a boride, and the resulting cyclohexene oxide at elevated temperatures to cyclohexanol in the presence of hydrogenation catalysts.

Abstract: Aromatic nitriles, in particular phthalodinitriles, are prepared from an appropriately alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon by catalytic oxidation with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of ammonia at elevated temperatures in the vapor phase, in the presence of a catalyst which contains from 2 to 10% by weight of vanadium(V) oxide, from 1 to 10% by weight of antimony(III) oxide, from 0.02 to 2% by weight of an alkali metal oxide and alumina, by a process in which from 0.01 to 1.0% by weight of an alkaline earth metal, or of a compound of an alkaline earth metal, in particular barium or a barium compound, is added to the catalyst.

Abstract: Ethene polymerization by Phillips catalysis is carried out using (1) a supported catalyst, which is laden with chromium, phosphorus and aluminum, and (2) a cocatalyst, (1) being obtained by a method in which (1.1) a catalyst intermediate laden with chromium, phosphorus and aluminum is prepared from a silicate carrier, a selected chromium compound, a selected phosphorus compound and a selected aluminum compound, and then (1.2) the catalyst intermediate is heated in an oxygen-containing gas stream. In this process, the component (1) used is one which is obtained by a method in which, in each case in a specific manner, (1.1) in a first stage, (1.1.1) first a suspension is prepared from (1.1.1.1) a finely divided silicate carrier and (1.1.1.2) an inert organic solvent, (1.1.2) then, (1.1.2.1) in an inert organic solvent, (1.1.2.2) an organic chromium compound is combined with (1.1.2.3) an aluminum trialkyl, (1.1.3) then (1.1.3.1) the suspension resulting from (1.1.1) is combined with (1.1.3.

Abstract: Benzaldehyde derivatives of the general formula I, where X is an oxygen atom or two R.sup.2 O groups and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are alkyl radicals of 1-4 carbon atoms, their preparation, and their use as odorants or odorant intermediates.

Abstract: In the proposed pulverulent aminoplast adhesive resin for wood-base materials having a low formaldehyde emission, the resin is a mixture of(a) from 40 to 90 parts by weight of a urea/formaldehyde resin having a molar ratio of urea to formaldehyde of from 1:1.4 to 1:2,(b) from 2 to 20 parts by weight of melamine, some or all of which may have been reacted with the urea/formaldehyde resin component,(c) from 2 to 20 parts by weight of urea and(d) if required, from 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of an agent for increasing the shelf life,together with not more than 10 parts by weight of water and, if required, not more than 10 parts by weight of other additives, the numbers of parts by weight of the components summing to 100.In the process for the preparation of the pulverulent aminoplast adhesive resin, powdered melamine is stirred into a solution of the urea/formaldehyde resin, urea is added and the solution is spray dried.

Abstract: Abstract of the Disclosure: Aminothiophene derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## where R is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted carbamyl or cyano, are prepared by a process in which a compound of the formula IINC--CH.sub.2 --R (II),where R has the above meanings, is reacted in water with a base and simultaneously or subsequently with a haloacetyl halide, and the product is then reacted with hydrogen sulfide or a water-soluble sulfide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of hollow articles, in which a photocurable resin is introduced into a mold which transmits light, the mold is irradiated until the resin has polymerized to the desired depth, the remaining resin is allowed to run out and the partially polymerized layer is then fully cured. The hollow articles may be used in particular as expendable cores in the manufacture of plastics containers by the winding process.

Abstract: N-Vinylformamide is purified by fractional distillation in the presence of formamide in a column under from 0.5 to 30 mbar by a method in which the distillation is controlled so that N-vinylformamide containing from 0.1 to 15% by weight of formamide is obtained as the distillate. Homopolymers having particularly high molecular weights can be prepared from the N-vinylformamide purified in this manner.