Abstract: A reactor switch has a switching point which is arranged between a high-voltage reactor and a high-voltage line. When this switch is being switched off, the occurrence of arc-back oscillations with excessively high rate voltage changes is avoided in a simple and reliable manner. This is achieved in that the switching point is connected in parallel with a voltage-dependent resistor. This resistor, which preferably contains a metal oxide such as zinc oxide, has a current/voltage characteristic which limits the recurring voltage across the switching point in such a manner that the skewing rate of the voltage of a high-frequency arc-back oscillation occurring during an arc-back of the switching point always remains below a predetermined value.

Abstract: The compressed-gas breaker exhibits two contact members (3; 11, 12, 13), of which one (11, 12, 13) is constructed as a nozzle, and an insulating nozzle (5) and a heating volume (8) for storing switching-arc-generated compressed gas.This breaker is intended to be distinguished by a high pressure buildup in the heating volume (8) and a great thermal quenching capacity.This is achieved by a multi-part construction of the contact member (11, 12, 13) acting as a nozzle. In particular, this contact member (11, 12, 13) exhibits a tubular body (13), which is axially displaceably conducted in a contact carrier (11), of erosion-resistant contact material, which, during interruption, forms the nozzle constriction (19) of this contact member (11, 12, 13) while under the action of a spring (15).

Abstract: A method for error-protected switching operation of switching devices of a high-voltage switching station. The current operational state of the station is determined from the signals provided by position indicating contacts (K.sub.I, K.sub.II, K.sub.III) of the switching devices. Using the obtained operational state, switching operation request commands (for example KA) are checked for release or blocking status by means of error-protected switching interlocking rules. In the case of changes in the topological configuration of the high-voltage switching station and/or in the case of changes of the error-protected switching interlocking rules, it is possible to adapt the basic method to these changes in a simple manner and without losing operational reliabilty. This is achieved by decoupling the topological configuration of the high-voltage switching station from the error-protected switching interlocking rules.

Abstract: The arc withstanding electrodes in an electric circuit breaker for switching high voltages attain greater mechanical strength and improved arc withstanding capabilities by forming the arc withstanding electrodes of a carbon-fiber-reinforced-graphite material which material is constituted of a graphite matrix which is reinforced by carbon fibers embedded therein. A method for forming the carbon-fiber-reinforced-graphite of the arc electrodes and for affixing the arc electrodes to a metal carrier therefor includes the steps of employing a high-temperature solder based on copper and/or silver, containing at least one carbide-forming element such as, for example, Cr.

Abstract: A switch, preferably for switching medium voltages, includes a structure which creates a gas-blast to quench an arc drawn between two separating contact pieces of the switch. The gas-blast is created solely by the quenching gas which is heated by the arc, without auxiliary pressure creating mechanisms. The gas blast is sufficiently powerful to cut off high and low currents without use of pressure-controlling valves. The result is realized via a flow-off pipe located between a space where the arc develops and a gas exhaust space. One end of the flow-off pipe opens into the exhaust space. The size of the flow-off pipe is determined in part by the speed of propagation of a pressure wave which is formed in the arc space during the heating phase of the arc and the length thereof is deliberately selected such that the pressure gradient between the heated quenching gas and the arc space is maximized.

Abstract: A protective system for protecting elements (for example D) of an electric power system allocates a protection zone to each element. The protection zones are defined by switching points (for example 19', . . . , 24') which isolate the associated element (for example D) from the power system. Each of these switching points is associated with a transmitter/actuator unit (for example 19, . . . , 24). The transmitter/actuator units (for example 19, . . . , 24) produce "open" commands for their associated switching points (for example 19', . . . , 24') if it is determined that a fault has occurred inside the associated protection zone. The "open" commands for the switching points (for example 19', . . . , 24') are formed locally within the vicinity of each of the switching points.

Abstract: A gas blast switch, preferably for switching medium voltages, has two cylindrical contacts movable relative to one another along the cylinder axis in a casing filled with extinguishing gas. The contacts are coaxially surrounded by a hot space. The hot space serves to accept extinguishing gas which is heated by a switching arc. The heated extinguishing gas is led, via an annular gap, into the hot space where it is stored to be mixed with fresh extinguishing gas and to thereafter produce effective blasting of the switching arc. The extinguishing gas which is not cooled with a cooling device, still provides gas temperatures which are substantially below the temperature of the heated extinguishing gas. This is achieved in one embodiment by a radially extending annular duct having a width (B) which is small in comparison to the axial longitudinal extension (L) and the radial depth (D) of the hot space.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for achieving narrow workpiece tolerances in isothermal drop-forging, the relative movement of the two die halves (1, 2) in an xy plane perpendicular to the pressing direction z being measured and monitored by means of an optical measuring device (10, 11, 12, 14) or mechanical measuring device (14, 15, 16) and being corrected by means of a mechanical adjusting device (6, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26) for one die half (2). A first workpiece is forged, and the divergence from the nominal value is measured, with the die halves (1, 2) closed, the die halves (1, 2) are opened, the first workpiece is removed, the position of one die half (2) is corrected, and a new workpiece is introduced and forged completely, without the workpiece having to be cooled and remeasured and without the die having to be cooled and reheated.

Abstract: A transmitter for single-sideband broadcast transmission which operates in accordance with the principle of combined amplitude and phase modulation generating a single-sideband signal and splitting this signal into an amplitude-modulated component applied to an amplitude-modulated path and a phase-modulated component applied to a phase-modulated path. An amplitude-modulation path is a D.C. voltage-coupled signal path from an envelope-curve detector to a radio-frequency amplifier (2). This results in direct floating-carrier modulation in a radio frequency amplifier in which the amplitude-modulated and phase-modulated components are amplified and recombined.

Abstract: In this voltage transformer for compressed-gas insulated high-voltage systems, between a straight internal conductor (1), which is located in a gas space (4) and forms a high-voltage electrode, and a low-voltage electrode (3) surrounding the internal conductor in the gas space (4) a measuring electrode (5) is arranged at which an output voltage is tapped off and fed to a signal processing system (6). In order to reduce the dependence of the output voltage on tolerances and fluctuations of geometric parameters, a guard electrode (7) is arranged between the low-voltage electrode (3) and the measuring electrode (5) and a plate capacitor (11), which is located in insulating gas, is placed between the measuring electrode (5) and earth.

Abstract: In this isolating switch, which is suitable for electrically isolating and connecting components of gas-insulated encapsulated switching stations under, at the most, low load conditions, the fixed contact member (1) is provided with a central trailing contact (2) which ends in a contact member (7). It is coaxially surrounded by a circle of rated-current fingers (3a-h) and a fixed contact shielding electrode (15). The central contact rod (5) of the movable contact member (4) is coaxially surrounded at a distance by a shielding electrode (6) which is also movable.In order to prevent undesirable flash-overs, in particular flash-overs at the encapsulation, the rated-current fingers (3a-h) are in contact with the contact rod (5) in the area surrounded by the shielding electrode (6) which is also movable. They are mounted to be rotatable and have forces applied to them which press their end members (14a-h) radially inward.

Abstract: Manufacture of a workpiece from a creep-resistant nickel superalloy which is hardened by means of an oxide dispersion, by a powder-metallurgical process in which the mechanically alloyed powder is subjected to an isothermal or quasi-isothermal hot-rolling operation, in the course of which the powder particles are converted into a flake-shaped form with a pronounced longitudinal axes, and the rolled powder is introduced into a steel container and is compressed by isostatic hot-pressing. The workpiece is afterwards subjected to an annealing treatment which is designed to develop a coarse grain size. A preferred embodiment comprises the introduction of the powder into the mold or container in an oriented manner, in order to obtain a stratified packing of the powder, and an annealing treatment which is designed to develop a coarse grain size and is performed as a zone-annealing treatment.

Abstract: In an exhaust gas turbocharger with a radial or axial turbine and an at least partially radial flow turbine nozzle ring (8), a movable slide ring (2) makes possible an infinite adjustment of the turbine inlet cross-section. The movement of the slide ring (2), which slides between nozzle ring (8) and rotor blading (1), occurs by means of an axial displacement. The front edge around which the gas flows is shaped to conform with the flow in order to avoid downstream separations. With radial turbines, the inlet flow angle to the turbine rotor blading remains approximately constant over the whole control range. In consequence, the shock loss at the turbine rotor blading substantially disappears. The infinite adjustment of the turbine inlet cross-section results in an improved part load behavior of the supercharged engine because the air quantity supplied to the engine is matched to the combustion conditions and smokeless operation is obtained over the whole rotational speed range.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting an arc furnace installation from three-phase operation to d.c. operation wherein in order to ensure optimum d.c. operation after converting the three-phase arc furnace installation to d.c. operation, while retaining the three-phase furnace transformer and the high-voltage switchgear, there is connected an adaptation member (2, 7) for adjusting the arc voltage and/or for increasing the inductive reactance, in addition to the actual rectifier arrangement. This adaptation member is formed of a transformer, preferably an autotransformer, and/or a choke circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus and a process for the zone-annealing of a workpiece (1) consisting of a high-temperature material, in which the workpiece (1) is hung on a suspension device (2) actuated via a roller (3) driven by a drive motor (4) and is provided with a plate-shaped covering screen (10) having an orifice. For the dipping of the workpiece (1), there is underneath the latter a salt bath (5) which is enclosed in an insulating vessel (6) and is provided with a heating system (7) with centrally symmetrical guide plates (8) and which is closed off at the top by means of a floating insulating cover (9). The cooling of the part of the workpiece (1) which is not immersed is guaranteed by a cooling body (11) through which cooling air (14) flows and which has a central passage (12) and, at the lower end of the passage (12), a projecting edge (13) serving as a stop for the covering screen (10).

Abstract: An analog/digital converter wherein an analog input signal is applied to a variable gain input amplifier which has an output connected to a subtractor. Also connected to the subtractor is the output of a D/A converter, the input of which is connected to the output of an integrator. The subtractor forms from the output signal of the input amplifier and that of the D/A converter a difference signal which is used by a tracking circuit for generating tracking signals for the integrator. For the purpose of widening the dynamic range, the input amplifier contains four scaling amplifiers, one of which is connected by a selection switch to the output of the input amplifier. The scaling factors of the second, third, and fourth scaling amplifiers are 1/4, 1/16, and 1/64, respectively, of that of the first scaling amplifier.

Abstract: An electrical high-tension circuit breaker with main contacts and auxiliary contacts in parallel to the main contacts. Both sets of contacts are actuated by hydraulic drives which are fed from a hydraulic accumulator. The drive of this circuit breaker is of high reliability and small size considering the power to be switched. This is achieved with a main drive which contains a piston-cylinder arrangement which can be pressurized with hydraulic fluid via a main valve and a secondary drive which is actuated via a valve arrangement. The valve arrangement is controllable as a function of the position of the main contacts and/or the auxiliary contacts. With this drive, failure-susceptible elements, such as catches, mechanical dampers and couplings, are avoided. The drive is preferably for high-tension circuit breakers for voltages above 220 kV.

Abstract: Very finely granular metal powders are produced by atomizing a liquid jet of metal by means of a gas jet which, in addition to a continuous band of sound frequencies, contains at least one discrete sound frequency which is at least 5 decibel above the average intensity of this band, and which is generated in a rotationally symmetrical device by means of a nozzle (4) which has the shape of a hollow cone and by means of an annular resonance space (7) with an annular edge (6) and is projected concentrically against the liquid jet of metal at a total opening angle of an average 35.degree. to 55.degree.. The atomization zone of the gas jet should preferably contain at least three discrete sound frequencies which are each at least 10 decibel above the sound intensity of the continuous band.

Abstract: In hydrodynamic bearings it is necessary for the lubricant leaving the lubricant film to be cooled. The self-sufficient, reliable operation of the system is only ensured if the transport of lubricant can be generated and maintained by the bearing itself. For this purpose the lubricant is taken from the contact surface of the moving component (2) into a pumping gap (13), recessed in the stationary component (4), which exhibits a strong constriction (17) in the direction of movement by a graduation (16). This pumping gap (13) may be machined directly in the contact surface of a bearing segment or in a separate component. A part of the lubricant stream which enters the pumping gap (13) is removed in front of the constriction (17) through an appropriate lubricant discharge duct (14). This branched lubricant stream (19) represents the delivery quantity of the pumping gap (13). The remainder of the branched lubricant stream flows on through the lubrication gap (18).

Abstract: A method for continuous coating of a solid electrolyte (3) with a coating comprised of a catalytically active metal, comprising impregnating the solid electrolyte (3) (present in the form of a film comprised of a plastic polymer) with a solution of a metal salt, and electrolyzing the metal salt in a plurality of passes of the solid electrolyte (3) between two rolls (4, 5) which rolls serve as electrodes, in a water bath, wherewith at first the speed of advance of the solid electrolyte film is a relatively high value of 20 to 30 cm/min and then a lower value of 1 to 2 cm/min, and wherewith the linear current density in the line of contact between the rolls (4, 5) and the solid electrolyte (3) is at least 830 mA/cm.