Abstract: A direct-current electric arc furnace for melting metals, including a furnace vessel and at least a pair of electrodes, wherein a bottom electrode is mounted in the bottom of the furnace vessel. In order to be able to remove the bottom electrode, the cross-section of which tapers towards the interior of the furnace vessel, from the outside in the direction of the furnace vessel interior, the bottom electrode is provided with a molded body of a refractory material. The molded body envelopes the bottom electrode and in combination therewith forms an electrode unit. This electrode unit in turn has a cross-section which expands in the direction of the furnace vessel interior or at the most remains the same. In this way, extensive work can be saved by removing the bottom electrode from outside into the interior of the furnace.

Abstract: A process for operating an internal-combustion engine with a supercharger which can be cut out, and a device for carrying out the process are disclosed. The engine has, aside from the supercharger or compressor which can be cut in or out as desired, an exhaust-gas return arrangement. No exhaust gas can be conveyed back into the intake line when the compressor is cut in and therefore when there is a pressure rise at the cylinder inlet to above atmospheric pressure and above the pressure prevailing in an exhaust-gas line. The return of exhaust gas into the intake line is prevented in such a way that an exhaust-gas return line opens, opposite a supercharger delivery line from the supercharger, into an intake line to the engine.

Abstract: A process and device useful in the protection of AC current circuits, particularly of parallel lines supplied at both ends, provided with protection relays at both ends of the line against susceptibility to false triggering as a result of transient signal components and signals disturbances, and particularly useful in providing stepped protection upon initial disconnection at one side of a line after occurrence of a short circuit against the change of energy direction with reversal of the fault direction detected in the protection relay of the sound line on crossing the triggering range of the appropriate characteristics curve, which also leads to false triggerings in multi-system protection relays because of transient switching inaccuracies.

Abstract: There is disclosed a combined thrust and support bearing arrangement wherein the shaft line can be constructed to be relatively short and wherein there does not arise any lifting of the turbine housing. The support or journal bearing and the thrust bearing are arranged in a respective bearing support within a common housing. Holders or holder elements are arranged at the bearing support of the support bearing over its circumference. These holder elements piercingly extend without contact through the bearing support of the thrust bearing. A common oil supply is provided for the thrust bearing and the support or journal bearing.

Abstract: A steam power plant containing a pressure-fired steam generator with fluidized bed firing and a loading or charging set or unit driven by the flue gases of the firing equipment. The boiler heating surfaces are arranged exclusively outside of the vortex or fluidized layer of the fluidized bed. In the steam generator there are provided by-pass flow regulating valves for controlling and regulating the steam output. For this purpose and for cooling the fluidized or vortex layer there is additionally provided a flue gas by-pass or shunt line containing at least one by-pass regulation valve, a flue gas cooler and a ventilator.

Abstract: Particularly in the case of electric motor vehicle drives using an hydrodynamic torque converter or appropriate coupling there is present the problem of proper and reliable operation of the vehicle condition control through the use of comparatively modest expenditure in equipment. This problem is solved by using a torque regulation with a torque control magnitude which is variable in accordance with controlled vehicle condition commands or an appropriate reference or set value, preferably through the use of a degree of filling control of the converter or the coupling as the positioning or adjusting element. When there is used an electric collector motor as the drive there is advantageously accomplished as a function of a threshold value of the degree of filling a change-over to an electrical field control.

Abstract: An apparatus for preventing the blowing out of the water supply of constant pressure air storage installations for gas turbine power plants, which is intended to be installed as a preferably prefabricated unit at the upper end of a riser tube or pipe of an air storage cavern. The apparatus contains venting tubes, the lower ends of which are staggered in elevation. Further, there are provided guide elements which, on the one hand, guide part of the water-air mixture flowing out of the riser tube into the vent tubes or pipes and, on the other hand, form an extended flow channel for the remaining water-air mixture which directly flows into a compensation basin.

Abstract: A large electrical machine, includes bar windings composed of twisted individual conductors with irregularities formed at the narrow edges of the bar winding. The bar winding is composed of individual insulated conductors and uninsulated conductors. A synthetic mica-resin putty pressed between the conductors fills the spaces between the conductors. Electrically conductive strips covering the putty are electrically connected to the uninsulated conductors.

Abstract: A coil for a two or multi-layer winding of an electrical machine includes twisted subconductors in each coil side and an end portion connecting the subconductors of each coil side. The degree of twist in each coil side is less than a full turn of 360.degree.. If the subconductors in the end portion are parallel to one another, the direction of twist in each coil side is the same. If the subconductors in the end portion reverse their positions, the directions of twist in the two coil sides are opposite.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for regulating the pressure of water in a closed hot water circuit is disclosed. The apparatus includes a closed hot water circuit and a steam circuit, which water circuit and steam circuit are both heated by relatively hot waste gases exhausted from a gas turbine power plant. Two water lines link the water circuit to the steam circuit. A valve in each of these lines regulates a flow of water through each of the lines. A pressure sensor senses the pressure of the water in the water circuit. The pressure sensor communicates said pressure to a valve regulator, which valve regulator regulates the opening and closing of the valves in the water lines.

Abstract: A liquid crystal mixture intended for electrooptical displays having no polarizers, consisting of:a nematic liquid crystal as the host phase;an optically active additive to give the host phase a cholesteric structure; andat least one pleochroic anthraquinone dye as the guest phase dissolved in the host phase, said anthraquinone dye having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different substituents and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, and short-chain N-monoalkylamino substituents; Y represents halogen, alkyl or alkoxy groups each with 1-16 carbon atoms, amino, alkylamino groups with 1-16 carbon atoms in the alkyl portion, nitro, or hydroxyl group; X represents halogen, amino or the group R.sup.5, wherein R.sup.5 is an alkyl group with 1-18 carbon atoms, an alkyl chain with 1-18 carbon atoms that is interrupted with one or two oxy groups or a group having the formula:--(CH.sub.2).sub.p --(O--C.sub.2 H.sub.4).sub.r --O--R.sup.

Abstract: A power thyristor formed by four zones of alternating conductivity type and including at least one control gate, at least one generator gate in the vicinity of a respective control gate and at least one firing gate located further away from a respective control gate formed on portions of the cathode-base zone extending to the cathode-side main surface, in which the firing gate is electronically connected to the generator gate with no intervening cathode-base zone.

Abstract: To cover peak loads an auxiliary circuit having a water store which can be charged from the main circuit is connected to the main circuit of a thermal power station. The stored energy carrier is expanded by throttling, whereupon the vaporous part performs work in a peak-load turbine or in part of the main turbine, which is designed for this purpose, while the unvaporized part is returned to the main circuit in such a way that the low-pressure bleed points of the main turbine are relieved and the output of the main turbine is thus increased. The water store is preferably fed with condensate from the reheater.

Abstract: Apparatus for steam sealing a shaft of a steam turbine is disclosed. The apparatus preferably includes at least four sealing rings which encircle the shaft of the steam turbine. The sealing rings are spaced apart to define at least three regions. A first region, closest to the blades of the turbine, receives contaminated steam and exhibits a below-atmospheric pressure. A third region, furthest from the blades of the turbine, also exhibits a pressure which is less than atmospheric pressure, but which pressure is also less than the pressure in the first region. A second region, arranged between said first and third regions, receives uncontaminated steam and exhibits a pressure which is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A steam turbine plant is disclosed having at least one turbine intake valve and at least one by-pass valve, which valves are connected with a live-steam generator by way of a live-steam supply system. A regulating circuit is provided to control the opening or respectively closing motion of the turbine intake valve and/or the by-pass valve, where the regulating circuit is designed in such manner that it will supply each valve with one electrical regulating value (x.sub.1, x.sub.2) which will act upon the respective controlled system. The electrical regulating value is provided so as to attain a specific steam flow-through (Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2), representing the controlled variable. The controlled systems each comprise a valve to be regulated.

Abstract: By forming current jump or surge signals and voltage jump or surge signals, in accordance with the changes as a function of time of the line current and line voltage in relation to the steady-state course of the current and voltage and comparison of such jump or surge signals with a threshold value, dependent upon the other jump or surge signal, or an appropriate threshold value function, there can be derived trip boundaries in the surge signal plane. Exceeding such trip boundaries in a direction from the inside towards the outside can be utilized as a fault criterion for producing a trip signal.

Abstract: With forced commutation static power or current converters having extinguishing or interruption circuit connected to the individual power switching branches and employing controllable extinguishing or turnoff valves, there exists the problem of unsymmetrical voltage build-up in the extinguishing circuits with corresponding overload or overdimensioning of the extinguishing valves, also referred to as commutation valves. This problem is solved, according to the invention, by arranging the usual commutation capacitor between the power switching branches, i.e., the load circuits, and the extinguishing valves, i.e., the commutation valves, and by arranging a damping circuit between the commutation capacitor and the extinguishing valves. The damping circuit is connected, by special valves, with positive and negative limiting potential. The undesired non-symmetry is thus effectively reduced.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement is disclosed for reducing field voltage peaks in direct current motors which are energized by way of an electronic D.C. regulator, and which have an exciter winding connected with the armature and commutating pole windings by means of diodes. The circuit arrangement includes a choke coil connected in series with the exciter winding. In addition, a resistor is connected in parallel with the exciter winding. This arrangement prevents a rapid rise in the field current or the magnetic field flux of the motor.

Abstract: A process and a device for detecting the occurrence of corrosion during the operation of steam turbines are disclosed, wherein working medium is taken from the steam turbine and partially condensed. The condensate is separated from the remaining steam and the quantities of both the remaining steam and the condensate are determined. The condensate is continuously examined for aggressive materials. The condensate is then subjected to chemical and physical analysis in a test apparatus. To detect corrosivity, a prestressed metal test piece and a metal bursting disc are arranged in a condensate vessel in contact with the condensate.

Abstract: A digital voltmeter device is disclosed which displays both the numerical value of a measured voltage and a visual representation of an input waveform. The device includes an electro-optical display matrix utilizing display elements arranged in lines and columns. In order to make maximum use of the display matrix for representing input waveforms, the peak-to-peak voltage of the input waveform is measured and utilized as a reference for an analog to digital converter having output signals which form the address signals for the display matrix. The peak values of the input waveform thus appear at the top and bottom of the display matrix respectively.