Abstract: In the control equipment of a pressure wave supercharger for supercharging vehicle internal combustion engines, a precontrol device is provided to actuate the control device, which precontrol device is connected in each case via a precontrol pressure pipe and a control pressure pipe with one or several of the pressure tapping positions located in the region of the supercharge air duct.

Abstract: A power switching amplifier for digital power amplification of an analog input signal, wherein the input signal range is subdivided into a plurality of equal voltage steps and a number, corresponding to the number of voltage steps, of switching stages is driven and their direct-voltage sources are connected in series. The association between the voltage steps and the switching stages is variable, such that all switching stages are uniformly loaded and the switching frequencies are reduced.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for regulating a bypass flow of a turbocharged internal combustion engine is disclosed. A first preferred embodiment of the apparatus includes an air receiver which is in fluid communication with a turbocharger and an air oscillation pipe. The air oscillation pipe is in fluid communication with an inlet manifold, which inlet manifold is in fluid communication with a bypass duct and the turbocharged engine. The bypass duct is in fluid communication with the turbocharger. Pressure pulsations emanating from the engine propagate into the inlet manifold and the air oscillation pipe causing an air column within the inlet manifold and air oscillation pipe to oscillate. Periodic oscillations of the air column produces periodic pressure differences across the bypass duct, facilitating a bypass flow of air through the bypass duct.

Abstract: A varistor of metal oxides, predominantly zinc oxide (ZnO), is provided on its lateral surface between two contact faces, with a coating consisting at least partially of an organic polymer. In order to prevent rapid degradation in oxygen-free surroundings, the coating contains at least one oxygen barrier layer or is formed entirely as such a layer, which contains filler particles in an organic matrix material. The filler is here taken from the group comprising the following substances or groups of substances: synthetic mica, natural mica, vermiculite, micaceous iron ore, glass and other non-metallic inorganic substances present in the form of platelets or flakes; metal oxides, active part material in a pulverulent form and other oxygen-releasing inorganic substances. The organic matrix material is selected from the group comprising epoxide resins, alkyd resins, polyurethanes, silicone resins, unsaturated polyester resins and acrylates.

Abstract: A compressed-gas breaker having a magnetic coil through which the breaking current flows, has two coaxial contact members which are movable with respect to each other along a central axis and have in each case one arcing contact. The arcing contacts are surrounded by a heating chamber which is joined to the arc volume located between the separated burning contacts during breaking. In this breaker, the breaking capacity is to be improved by a simple means. This is achieved by the fact that between the heating chamber and the arc volume a gas-guiding device is provided which has at least three ducts which are arranged to be distributed azimuthally around the axis. These ducts have sections which open radially with respect to the axis into the arc volume. Such a breaker can be used preferably for the switching of large current of medium-high voltage.

Abstract: In a perforated plate (1) for evening out the velocity distribution in a flow channel, the passage holes (2) are designed as shock diffusers arranged in parallel. For this purpose, they are provided with an inlet diameter (d) on the inflow side (3) and with a larger outlet diameter (D) on the outflow side (4) of the perforated plate. Due to this design, a relatively large blocking (area ratio of blocked flow cross-section to the free flow cross-section) on the inflow side and a relatively small blocking on the outflow side of the perforated plate are obtained. To ensure a shock diffuser effect, the length of the outlet holes must be sized such that the flow makes contact again before the outlet edge thereof. Important advantages of this perforated plate are that, with a relatively low pressure drop coefficient, a very good evening-out effect and a short back-flow zone on the outflow side of the perforated plate are achieved.

Abstract: In internal combustion engines (1), the sealing of the combustion chamber by pistons and piston rings is not absolute. Throughout the working cycle, gases from the cylinder enter the crankcase (1a). These blow-by gases must be able to escape from the crankcase (1a). In a device for returning the blow-by gases into the system of an internal combustion engine (1) supercharged with a gas-dynamic pressure-wave supercharger (10), it is envisaged that a gas delivery unit designed as an ejector (20) generates a reduced pressure in the crankcase (1a). The ejector (20) is operated with a propellant gas from a line (16) which is taken from the supercharger airline (13), a control (8) placed in the propellant gas line (16) ensuring that the reduced pressure in the crankcase (1a) never exceeds a defined value. The blow-by gases in the line (2) flow through an oil separator (4) and, mixed with the propellant gas in the line (16), are then returned into the exhaust line (15) of the engine system.

Abstract: Butterfly valve actuated by a servo-motor, opening taking place by means of hydraulic force and closing by means of spring force. The hydraulic force must overcome the torque due to the flow, and the force of the closing spring. The excess hydraulic force of the servo-motor (2) during the end phase of the opening procedure is stored (3) and released during the closing procedure, whereby the closing time (t) can be minimized.

Abstract: A compensation circuit for reactive power balance includes a capacitor, inductor and rectifier connected in series to a power system. In order to protect the rectifier from misfires of the thyristors, two discharge devices are connected in parallel to the series circuit from the common points in the series circuit. This protects the thyristors in case of a double misfire.

Abstract: In order to limnit the exhaust particulate emission when supercharging a pressure wave machine-supercharged internal combustion engine, an exhaust particulates filter is arranged in the high-pressure part of the exhaust gas system ahead of the pressure wave machine.By increasing the supply of fuel to the engine itself and/or briefly closing a charge air flap valve a recirculation flap valve and/or brief opening of a exhaust gas by-pass valve, the exhaust gas attains the combustion temperature of soot components deposited on the surface of the filter. These soot components are burned off, and the filter is automatically regenerated.

Abstract: Especially for bipolar membrane electrolysis cells, cathodic current collectors (8) are required which have a high electrical conductivity, a large contact surface area and a sufficient porosity to ensure the passage of reaction educts and products, for example, water and gas. At the same time, they should be chemically, mechanically and thermally stable. No protective voltage should be required while the cells are closed down. The current collector consists of graphite powder (12) of high purity, having particle sizes in the range from 10 .mu.m-200 .mu.m, and carbon fibres (13) which are irregularly distributed therein and have lengths from 1 mm to 30 mm, the graphite powder/carbon fibre mass ratio being in the range from 10:1 to 30:1. The binder used is polyvinylidene fluoride. For producing the current collector, the binder is dissolved in, for example, dimethylformamide.

Abstract: A power converter typically used for operating electrical machines and provided with protective measures to protect against overvoltages which can otherwise occur in the process of switching off the inductive loads represented by the electrical machines. To that end, the converter includes plural bridge circuits having a.c. voltage terminals and d.c. voltage terminals, wherein the a.c. voltage terminals are phasewise parallel-connected and coupled to each other via at least one capacitor and wherein the d.c. voltage terminals are coupled to each other via at least one intermediate circuit reactor. The bridge circuits include bridge arms having GTO thyristors that can be switched off, and the plural bridges are driven out of phase with respect to one another. In this way, the converter supplies an alternating current which is relatively near-sinusoidal and exhibits a low harmonics content to the electrical machine.

Abstract: A method and a system for synchronizing the coding and decoding of data during the transmission of and reception of the data, wherein after a start synchronization, correlations are carried out in several time slots of the received data stream with plural identical synchronizing signal sequences which are generated at the receiver and are displaced in time with respect to one another. By correlating one of these sequences with the identical synchronizing sequence which has been periodically inserted into the data stream at the transmitter, the state of synchronization is monitored and, if necessary, corrected. The invention combines the advantages of continuous synchronization with the rapid restoration of synchronization after disturbances in the transmission.

Abstract: A protective circuit for reducing subsynchronous natural resonant frequency signals in a multiphase power supply system includes a damping resistor connected in series with each phase winding of the system. A resonant circuit tuned to the rated line frequency of the system is connected in parallel with each resistor so that signals having frequencies other than the rated line frequency will be damped by the resistors. An inductor can also be placed in parallel with each resistor to maximize the damping effect of each resistor at predetermined subsynchronous frequencies.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit including a resistor connected in series with a signal amplifier, which is designed as a feedback inverting amplifier, and an additional switching circuit serving to suppress surges. Such an amplifier circuit can, e.g., be used for amplifying the output signal of a digital-to-analog converter. The additional switching circuit operates independently of external control and without itself producing spurious signals. The switching circuit is placed in parallel to the series resistor and includes an inverting amplifier, which has faster response time than the signal amplifier, a high-pass filter and an impedance converter having a high input impedance connected in series with the input to the inverting amplifier. A voltage limiting two-terminal network is connected in series with the output of the inverting amplifier.

Abstract: In a bearing device of an exhaust gas turbocharger having tandem rolling-contact bearings, the bearing support rings (5,6) have dogs (16) on their mutually facing end surfaces, each of which dogs penetrates into an opposite recess (17) with axial clearance (18) and tangential clearance (19). An even number of rotationally symmetrically located spring rods (7) extend from a bearing flange (8) connected to the bearing housing (2) through the bearing support rings (5,6) and into a support ring (9) connected to the bearing housing (2), a centrally located collar (14) on the spring rods being located alternately, without clearance, in one or the other bearing support ring (5,6).In this bearing device, the effective bending length (L) of the spring rod (7) is relatively large compared to the total width of the bearing (B). By this means, the bending stress in the spring rods (7) can be kept low or the axial installation length (B) of the bearing device can be reduced.

Abstract: An electrically conductive layer on a solid-body electrolyte (1) is produced by swelling and impregnating an organic ion exchange material (2) with a metal salt solution, drying, converting the metal ions in a gas stream to finely distributed particles (3) which are in electrical contact with one another, renewed swelling in a solvent, converting into a brushable paste and applying same to the surface of the solid-body electrolyte and drying. Preferred embodiment: solid-body electrolyte (1) and ion exchange material (2) made of polymers containing sulphonic acids; and conductive particles (3) made of platinum metals or oxides thereof, in particular ruthenium as electrocatalyst.

Abstract: In a cathode for a heavy-duty electron tube, the cathode wires (5) lying on the surface (11) of a cylinder between two rigidly constructed connector rings (7, 8) have the form of a surface line with changing pitch. The cathode wires are connected by a support ring (6). The thermal expansion of the cathode wires during operation results only in a shifting on the surface (11). In this manner the cylindrical shape of the cathode and thus the distance to the control grid are maintained without the expensive spring suspension device used in the cage cathode.

Abstract: In order to be able to achieve, in yarn manufacture, the very high speeds required by the textile industry in open-end spinning devices, for the purpose of increasing production, and in order to achieve high operating reliability and a long life of the spinning devices, the rotor which rotates at high speeds and is subject to a variable imbalance and which is guided in gas-dynamic radial plain bearings is guided in a bearing carrier which is elastically pivotable in relation to the rigid bearing journal. At the same time, the bearing journal is connected, but so as to be elastically pivotable, to the bearing carrier via a bearing-body joint. A first gas-dynamic radial plain bearing, which is located in the region in the center of gravity of the rotor, is arranged on the bearing carrier, and a second gas-dynamic radial bearing is arranged at the opposite end of the bearing carrier.

Abstract: A gas-cooled a.c. machine having a rotor and a stator, each in the form of sheet metal packs, and a winding head, wherein in order to obtain optimum cooling of the rotor sheet metal pack, the stator sheet metal pack and the winding head, the machine is constructed of a stator central part and two stator end parts and ducts are provided in the casing corners for the removal of the cooling gas. The ducts are bounded only by the walls of the casing and the back of the stator sheet metal pack, are separated by the stator sheet metal pack, and extend over the total length thereof. Cooling gas conveyed by fans is first conveyed into the inner winding head chamber or the rotor inlet flow chamber and there divided into two cooling circuits connected in parallel. In a first cooling circuit, the cooling gas is led through the rotor sheet metal pack and through the stator sheet metal pack, and in the second cooling circuit through the winding head.