Abstract: A liquid crystal device of this invention is constituted by a display cell, a compensation cell, and a pair of polarizing plates. The display cell is designed such that electrodes are respectively formed on the opposing surfaces of a pair of substrates, arranged to oppose each other through a predetermined gap, to be perpendicular to each other, alignment films are respectively formed to cover the electrodes, and a first liquid crystal material is sealed between the substrates to be twisted at a predetermined angle. The compensation cell is arranged to be stacked on the display cell. The compensation cell is designed such that a second liquid crystal material is sealed between a pair of substrates, subjected to alignment processing, to be twist-aligned in a direction opposite to the twist direction of the first liquid crystal material. The pair of polarizing plates are arranged to sandwich the display and compensation cells. A refractive index anisotropy .DELTA.n.sub.

Abstract: An amorphous semiconductor layer is deposited on an insulating substrate, and an excimer laser is radiated thereon, and thus the amorphous is crystallized. A silicon oxide layer is deposited on the semiconductor layer, and a silicon nitride layer is deposited on the silicon oxide layer to be thicker than the silicon oxide layer. Thereafter, a gate electrode is formed on the silicon nitride layer. Thus, there is provided a method for a thin film transistor having a good mobility of carriers and a good characteristic of a breakdown voltage in that a gate insulating film is formed of a double-layer structure having the silicon oxide and silicon nitride layers.

Abstract: An image formed by an arbitrary method, can be reproduced on an object (to which image transfer is performed) having a three-dimensional arcuated surface, e.g., a cylindrical object. An original plate sheet is prepared by forming an image on a transparent sheet by using an ink containing carbon. A transfer ink sheet having a hot-melt ink layer formed on its one surface and a reflecting layer formed on its other surface is placed on an object to which image transfer is performed. A cushion member having transparency is placed on the transfer ink sheet, and a transparent plate is stacked on the cushion member. When the transparent plate is urged against the object side, the cushion member is compressed. As a result, the original plate sheet is deformed along the outer surface shape of the object and is brought into tight contact therewith. A flash lamp is turned on in this state. An image portion absorbs infrared rays emitted from the flash to generate heat.

Abstract: A TFT array has a plurality of gate lines and a plurality of drain lines formed on a transparent insulating substrate. The gate lines intersect with the drain lines. TFTs are formed at the intersections of the gate lines and the drain lines. An opaque film is formed above the gate lines, the drain lines, and the TFTs, allowing no passage of light passing through the gaps between the transparent electrode, on the one hand, and the gate and drain lines, on the other hand. Therefore, when the TFT array is incorporated into a liquid-crystal display, the display will display high-contrast images.

Abstract: A data reading apparatus reads data of dots from a recording sheet on which data is recorded in the form of a mesh pattern, and decodes the read data into binary data. The data reading apparatus has an image sensor to read black/white levels of dots of the mesh pattern using the image sensor and to binarize the read levels by a hardware component or CPU processing according to software. An image can have a high recording density by minimizing a dot size.

Abstract: The lower significant n bits of a first differential value between adjacent sampled values of a sampled received signal are cut off to provide a second differential value, which is then subjected to adaptive quantization to thereby provide data compression. When this data is expanded, the second differential value decoded from the adaptive quantized value is sequentially accumulated 2.sup.n times at a period corresponding to 1/2.sup. of the sampling period of the received signal. As a result, a quantizing error (quantization noise) per sampling of the received signal is dispersed in 2.sup.n periods to thereby provide an improved acoustic S/N ratio. When the first differential value of the received signal is quantized, when the lower significant n bits of the first differential value are cut off, and when the resulting signal is subjected to adaptive quantization, the resulting respective quantizing errors are fed to corresponding values processed next. Thus, accumulation of the quantizing errors is prevented.

Abstract: In the case of an LDD-structure thin film transistor, an on-current becomes large as impurity concentration of low level impurity source and drain regions is increased. Then, when the impurity concentration is increased to a first impurity concentration, the on-current reaches to a substantially maximum point. On the other hand, a cut-off current I.sub.off becomes substantially minimum when the impurity concentration is decreased to a second impurity concentration. The cut-off current is gradually increased even if the impurity concentration becomes higher or lower than the second impurity concentration. Therefore, impurity concentration of low level impurity source and drain regions of a thin film transistor for a peripheral circuit is set to a first impurity concentration, and that of low concentration impurity source and drain regions of a thin film transistor for a matrix circuit is set to a second impurity concentration.

Abstract: A liquid crystal projector comprises a light source, two color-separating dichroic mirrors for separating light from the light source into lights of red, green and blue lights wavebands, three liquid crystal display elements for producing image lights of red, green and blue wavebands using those separated lights of different wavebands, two color-combining dichroic mirrors for combining the image lights of different wavebands to finally provide single image light, three luminous flux reduction lenses provided on an optical path running from the individual color-separating dichroic mirrors to the individual color-combining dichroic mirrors, and a projection lens for projecting the image light combined by the color-combining dichroic mirrors. The color-combining dichroic mirrors are designed in such a way to combine image lights with priority over the image light with an intermediate waveband.

Abstract: This invention provides a structure of an apparatus case with a rotation member which can selectively restrict the rotation of a rotation bezel, rotatably mounted on a case body, in one or both of the forward and reverse directions. First and second rotation bezels are rotatably mounted on the case body, and a plate spring for restricting the rotation of the first rotation bezel is provided below the second rotation bezel. The plate spring is partly bent to rise it, thereby forming a hook. A rugged portion is formed on the lower surface of the first rotation bezel and an opening into which the hook is inserted is formed in the second rotation bezel. When the hook does not engage with the rugged portion, the first rotation bezel is freely rotatable. When the hook is inserted into the opening and is engaged with the rugged portion by rotating the second rotation bezel, the first rotation bezel is rotatable only in one of the forward and reverse directions.

Abstract: In a musical tone waveform generation apparatus for outputting musical tone signals generated by a software program at predetermined time intervals, sound source methods can be selected in units of tone generation channels. In the musical tone waveform generation apparatus, the sound source method or the tone color of a musical tone signal to be output is determined in accordance with performance data (pitch data, touch data, music part data, and the like). A musical tone signal is generated by CPU upon execution of a sound source processing program, associated with a modulation method stored in a memory. The generated musical tone signal is output at predetermined time intervals. As for sound source processing based on the modulation method, at least one operator processing, and algorithm processing for determining an input/output relationship among the operator processing operations are independently executed.

Abstract: A device is used for precisely measuring an electrocardiographic wave and sphygmus. The device displays a number of sphygmus or the highest and lowest blood pressure on the basis of measured data. In the device, it is judged if an electrocardiographic wave signal generated from an electrocardiographic wave detecting circuit and the sphygmus signal generated from a sphygmus detecting circuit have been output in a corresponding manner to each other. If not, or if one of the above signals has not been detected, either the gain of the electrocardiographic wave detecting circuit or the gain of the sphygmus detecting circuit is increased so as to allow a precise detection of the signal.

Abstract: When a playback speed of a recording medium such as a compact disc (CD) or the like is changed, the change of this playback speed is reflected in a clock which controls a tempo of automatic play. In the background of music reproduced from the recording medium, playing data provided during the play is written in a memory (211) in a real time fashion. When the automatic play is carried out in accordance with the content stored in the memory (211), the present invention includes a mode (A) in which the changed state of the playback speed of the CD and the tempo/musical sound pitch states of automatic play are automatically reproduced in the same states as those in the recording timing point, and a mode (B) in which the playback speed of the CD is automatically returned to the original speed before being changed and the tempo/musical sound pitch states of automatic play are automatically changed in response thereto.

Abstract: In a first step, the value of the synthetic retardation and the direction of the synthetic optical axis as angle data of a transparent substrate having a thin film thereon are measured. In a second step, the value of the retardation and the direction of an optical axis as angle data of only the transparent substrate are measured.

Abstract: When image data having a halftone is binary-coded, each of pixel data is first read out as gradation data having multiple values, a judgement is made whether or this pixel data corresponds to a value within a predetermined range, and if this pixel data is present within this range, a halftone processing operation is carried out by way of the error diffusion method. On the other hand, if another judgement is made that the pixel data is out of this predetermined range, this pixel is simply binary-coded. Thus, a portion where characters have been written is not processed by the halftone processing operation by way of the error diffusion method, whereby a clear image may be reproduced.

Abstract: An electronic stringed instrument applicable to an electronic guitar, violin etc., picks up string vibrations to produce a direct sound. The direct sound is combined with additional sound which is produced by processing the picked-up signal. The direct sound and the processed sound are controlled according to string vibrations. The picked-up signal is converted into a digital signal which is then processed to produce the processed sound whose characteristic is controlled depending on the amplitude and/or pitch of the picked-up signal.

Abstract: A projecting apparatus having a first projecting system for projecting an object to be projected to form an intermediate image, and a second projecting system for projecting the intermediate image formed by the first projecting system onto a screen. The first projecting system is adapted to distort the image of the object, and the second projecting system is adapted to correct the distorted image to project an enlarged image analogous to the object onto the screen.

Abstract: Digital data is recorded on a magnetic tape by rotary heads. The magnetic tape has a PCM data recording area on which PCM data of a plurality of programs is recorded and sub-code recording areas on which sub-code data is recorded. On the sub-code recording areas of each program, character code data representing the title of the associated program and the like is recorded. On the sub-code recording area of the first program, pack data of a TOC mode is recorded. The pack data of the TOC mode includes character code data, and this character code data includes information recorded on the sub-code recording areas corresponding to all programs. By reproducing the pack data of the TOC mode by the rotary heads, character code data of all programs can be recognized.