Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the cationic polymerization of lactams either substituted or unsubstituted on the lactam ring, which contain 6-16 carbon atoms, in the presence of 0.05 - 10 mol. % based on the lactam of an anhydrous salt of Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ti, Si, V, Sb, Bi, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and an inorganic or organic anion such as phosphate, pyrophosphate, phosphite, sulfate, halide, carboxylate and sulfonate in the presence of 0.05 - 5 mol. % of a protic organic or inorganic acid such as pyrophosphoric, phosphorous, hydrohalic carboxylic and sulfonic. These additives can be added to lactam below 180.degree. C and the polymerization is carried out at 150.degree. - 320.degree. C for 0.1 - 200 hr. The above-specified salts, also their mixtures, can be used. The polymerization can be carried out with mixtures containing two or more lactams.

Abstract: The invention relates to new ionogenic hydrogels based on partially hydrolyzed polymers containing, in the starting material, at least 60, advantageously at least 80% (mol.) of acrylonitrile units, said hydrogels being characterized by a weakly ampholytic, character and by a multiblock structure of polymeric chains with continuous sequences of acrylonitrile units in an amount of from 2 to 95% (molar), alternating with continuous sequences of hydrophylic units consisting of a major amount of acrylic acid and a minor amount of acrylamide units, the sequences or blocks of acrylonitrile units forming together polyacrylonitrile domains detectable by X-ray analysis. In water-swelled condition the hydrogels consist of two distinct but inseparable phases, one of them said polyacrylonitrile, the other said amorphous hydrophilic, highly solvated chains with predominating acrylic acid units.

Abstract: Increased quantities of acidic components present in industrial waste gases (particularly nitrogen and sulphur oxides) are removed by active carbonates of alkaline metals prepared in a novel way. A suitable starting material is heated to a temperature of between 30.degree. and 200.degree. C. in a stream of gas from which the acidic components have been at least partially removed. The resulting active alkali metal carbonates, free of hydrates, are subsequently brought at temperatures between 100.degree. and 200.degree. C. into contact with the humid waste gas. A preferred apparatus for carrying out the method is also described.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing of anionic polycaprolactam with a low content of water extractables and high stability of the degree of polymerization during melting by a two-stage polymerization using known basic initiators and known activators of the following types: ##STR1## where R is ##STR2## R.sup.1 = R or C.sub.1-4 alkyl, cycloalkyl or allyl, R.sup.2 = C.sub.1-4 alkyl or H atom, n is an integer 3-11 and x is an integer >3. The ratio of activator to initiator (e.g. sodium dihydromethoxyethoxyaluminate) ranges between 2.6 and 4.2, advantageously 2.8-3.5 The first polymerization stage proceeds at 150.degree.-200.degree. C. for .ltoreq.10 min, the polymer is then shaped and postpolymerized at 150.degree.-200.degree. C. for .ltoreq.90 min to achieve a monomer content near to the equilibrium content corresponding to the 2nd stage temperature.

Abstract: The invention relates to quaternary cationic monomers and polymers and copolymers prepared thereof, based upon salts of methacrylic or acrylic esters of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is H or CH.sub.3R.sup.2 is CH.sub.3, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 or p-CH.sub.3 C.sub.6 H.sub.4n is 1 or 2AndY.sup.+ is --N.sup.+ (CH.sub.3).sub.3, --N.sup.+ (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH, ##STR2## where R.sup.3 is H, CH.sub.3, CONH.sub.2, CHO, COCH.sub.3andR.sup.4 is H or CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH.The invention further relates to some methods for preparation of monomers, polymers and copolymers of the aforegiven salts. The polymers and copolymers exhibit the properties of polyelectrolytes and ion exchange resins.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparation of perfectly spherical particles of silicagel with controlled particle size and controlled pore diameter, which are suitable as packings for high-speed liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. Free liquid silicic acid is obtained by acidifying of solutions of alkaline metal silicates in organic solvents by organic acids miscible with water in the presence of higher amine as an emulsifier and polymerized to hydrogel in the form of spherical particles. These are isolated and partially hardened by heating above 100.degree. C in a neutral organic medium, e.g. amyl acetate or dibutyl sebacate, to remove a part of water by distillation, then subjected to hydrothermal processing with water under pressure at a temperature above 150.degree. C and eventually stabilized.

Abstract: Polymeric form of a biologically active compound containing at least one -NH.sub.2 group in its molecule, adapted for the protracted release of said biologically active compound by enzymatic cleavage of the polymer in vivo in the organism. The active compound is bonded by its -NH.sub.2 group to the carboxylic group of an L-amino acid as for instance, .beta.-phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophane, lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, leucine, citruline or ornithine, which latter is in twin bonded by its amino group to the terminal carboxylic group of the side chain of a substituted amide or ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid, said side chain constituting a linear moiety containing at least 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparation of hydrophilic macroporous ion exchangers of the amphoteric character which are suitable above all for isolation and separation of biological materials. The preparation consists in copolymerization of anionogenous monomers, as sulfoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, sulfoalkylacrylamides, sulfoalkylmethacrylamides, acrylic and methacrylic acid, with cationogenous monomers, as aminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, aminoalkylacrylamides, aminoalkylmethacrylamides and their quaternary ammonium derivatives, and with crosslinking monomers, as alkylene or oligo and polyglycol diacrylates and dimethacrylates, bisacrylamides, bismethacrylamides and divlnylbenzene, in the water dispersion system containing inert organic compounds, as alcohols, acids, amines or nitriles.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new type of soft contact lens from a hydrophilic, swelled copolymer, with high swelling capacity, high permeability for oxygen, comparatively high strength and low modulus of elasticity, said characteristics making the lens suitable for permanent wearing. The lens contains, at swelling equilibrium with water at 20.degree. C, from about 50 to about 95% by weight of water, preferably from about 70 to about 90%, and consists of a multiblock copolymer of acrylonitrile with acrylamide, containing, if desired, a minor amount of other monomer units, not exceeding 20 molar percent. The swelled hydrogel contains two distinct but inseparable phases, one of them being polyacrylonitrile detectable by X-ray analysis, the other being amorphous highly solvated hydrophilic polymer containing predominantly acrylamide units.

Abstract: The invention relates to polymeric materials containing variable amounts of aldehyde groups and comprising the chain units ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are H, C.sub.1 - C.sub.5 alkyl, aryl, furyl, halogen, nitrile group or hydroxyl and R.sup.4 is C.sub.1 - C.sub.20 alkylene, arylene, --COO(CH.sub.2).sub.n --, --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --, --COO(CH.sub.2).sub.n CH(OH)CH.sub.2 OCO(CH.sub.2).sub.m -- or --(CH.sub.2).sub.n OCOR.sup.5 COO(CH.sub.2).sub.m -- (n and m are integers 0 - 20 and R.sup.5 is the single bond, C.sub.1 - C.sub.20 alkylene or hydroxyalkylene or arylene). The material may be in the form of globules with a measurable specific surface area and is suitable for bonding of biologically active compounds containing primary amino groups or other amines to produce polymeric chelating agents. The invention further relates to the method for preparation the above materials which consists in treatment of the polymeric materials comprising units of the general formula ##STR2## where R.sup.1, R.

Abstract: A mixture of monomers, at least one of which contains 1 or 2 --COOH groups and the other one of which contains more than 1 vinyl group in the molecule, is polymerized by means of radical polymerization in the medium of a plasticizer or a mixture of plasticizers having saturated higher fatty acids or/and unsaturated higher fatty acids (either plain or halogenated) and/or higher alcohols. The product is transferred into the Na, K or NH.sub.3 form, the content of plasticizer is reduced to 20 - 70 wt. % (e.g. by centrifugation) or water is removed (e.g. azeotropic or vacuum distillation). The product is suitable, above all, in manufacturing of hygienic artificial leathers.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for the production of carriers for biologically active compounds comprising forming a bond by admixing (a) a three dimensional water insoluble diazotizable polymer operative to function as a primary carrier and (b) a water soluble linear polymer having ligands operative to bind said biologically active compounds and operative to function as a secondary carrier, whereby the union of (a) and (b) is operative to serve as a carrier for biologically active compounds and carriers produced in accordance therewith.

Abstract: The invention relates to tetrachloroethyl esters of unsaturated organic acids of the general formula I ##STR1## where X stands for a substituent selected from the group consisting of COOH, CCOCH.sub.3, COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5, ##STR2## It further relates to their polymers and mixed polymers of the above monomers, namely with vinyl and diene compounds, and to methods for preparation both monomers and these polymers.To prepare the compounds of the general formula I, acyl chloride of the general formula II ##STR3## where Y stands for a substituent selected from the group consisting of COOH, COOCH.sub.3, COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5, ##STR4## AND ##STR5## IS TREATED WITH CHLORAL, ADVANTAGEOUSLY IN THE PRESENCE OF A MINERAL ACID OR SALT, FOR EXAMPLE WITH ADDITION OF SULFURIC ACID AND FERRIC CHLORIDE, RESPECTIVELY.

Abstract: There is disclosed a composition of matter comprising a polymer containing aromatically bound mercuric ions having the formula ##STR1## wherein R is H or CH.sub.3, Y is -- CO(OCH.sub.2.CH.sub.2).sub.x -- O --, wherein x = 0-20, or -- CONH --, Ar is a bifunctional aromatic group, Z = H or NH--R.sup.2 wherein R.sup.2 is acyl, carboxy C -- to -- alkyl or a sulfonyl group, and R.sup.1 is the chain of homopolymer of the formula ##STR2## or the chain of a copolymer selected from the group consisting of methacrylic or acrylic esters of polyfunctional alcohols, methacrylamides or acrylamides, monomers containing one or more acrylic or methacrylic acid groups and monomers of the acrylic or methacrylic series, method of preparing such polymers, carriers produced on the basis of such polymers and method of extracting sulfur-containing compounds from mixtures containing the same utilizing the polymers of the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to biologically active insoluble compounds on a carrier containing in its side chains a p-phenylene-diamine skeleton, where a polymer of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sub.1 is a polymer residue, R.sub.2 is a lower alkyl group, x = 1-4, is oxidized in the presence of a soluble biologically active compound containing a primary amino group, such as e.g. enzymes, coenzymes, inhibitors of enzymes, hormones, or antigens. The oxidation is carried out by using an oxidation agent which does not disturb the biologically active compounds present in the mixture.

Abstract: Apparatus for condensing vapors of subliming substances. The apparatus comprises a vessel having gas permeable porous walls spaced within a heated jacket, an inlet for supplying the gas mixture to be condensed into the interior of said vessel, an outlet for passing the non-condensed portion of said gas mixture together with solid condensate from said vessel, inlets into the space between the inner jacket wall and said vessel, means for supplying said space with a gas permeating through said gas permeable porous walls into said vessel, nozzles for injection of a liquid spray into the interior of said vessel, a filtering system, outlets for withdrawing non-condensed portion of said gas mixture, a receptacle for accumulating the solid condensate, and means for removing the solid condensate.

Abstract: An acrylic polymer suitable for use as carrier in the controlled synthesis of polypeptides is provided. The polymer comprises the condensation product of a monomer selected from the group consisting of hydroxyalkyl acrylates and hydroxyalkyl methacrylates, a polyfunctional cross-linking monomer selected from the group consisting of alkylene diacrylates, alkylene dimethacrylates, polyacrylates and polymethacrylates of polyalochols, alkylene bisacrylamides and divinylbenzene, and an aromatic ring-containing compound selected from the group consisting of aromatic acids and their anhydrides and chlorides, aromatic isocyanates, halogenophenylsilanes, and aromatic epoxy compounds. The condensate has its aromatic rings chlormethylated. The first monomer and the polyfunctional cross-linking monomer are copolymerized and the resultant copolymer is condensed with said compounds which contain an aromatic ring.

Abstract: Discharge nozzles for the automatic discharge of a thickened fraction from a centrifuge rotor controlled by elastically yielding bodies in dependence on a raising and lowering of the level of the thickened fraction in the centrifuge rotor, are intermittently opened by means controlling the throughflow resistance of the cleared fraction discharged from the contrifuge rotor.

Abstract: A starting monomer mixture containing a minor amount of a cross linking agent is precipitation polymerized in a diluent/precipitant which is an unlimited solvent for the starting monomers but is neither a solvent nor a substantial swelling agent for the resultant polymer. The resultant product falling from the polymerization contains soluble and insoluble hydrophilic polymers and copolymers.

Abstract: A polymeric material containing primary amino groups is prepared by copolymerizing an acylaminophenoxy acrylate or methacrylate with a hydroxyalkyl ester or an amide of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and treating the resulting copolymeric material with a hydrolytic agent to convert the acylamino groups into primary amino groups. Such monomeric materials may also be copolymerized with a crosslinking agent comprising an ester or an amide containing two or more acryloyl or methacryloyl groups.