Abstract: A process and an arrangement for determining the position of a vehicle moving on a given track by using a map matching process is provided. At least three types of position measuring data in the form of object site data, path length data and route course data are obtained. By use of a computer unit, for each type of measuring data, a data correlation is carried out with a respective pertaining stored desired data quantity for the determination of respective position results which then are evaluated, in an m-out-of-n decision making process. In this process, a given number m of the n determined position results is taken into account. With comparatively low expenditures, this permits a reliable and error-tolerant vehicle position determination for use, for example, for railway vehicles.

Abstract: A switch arrangement for a control panel placed on the dashboard or a central console in a motor vehicle. The switch arrangement comprises a housing for at least one switch having an actuating element. The switch is located in a receptacle in the housing. A mask whose contour has a curvature and a recess can be mounted on the housing, through which recess an actuating element of the switch projects after the mask has been applied. The housing has at least two housing parts, with each housing part being associated with an area of mask. The side of housing parts associated with the mask is arranged approximately parallel to a plane surface that follows the curvature of corresponding areas of the mask.

Abstract: A brake master cylinder with a plunger piston is acted upon by a brake linkage. A floating piston is arranged between two working spaces and separates the first and the second working space fluidically from one another. Each of the two working spaces opens into a main brake circuit, and the floating piston is axially movable in the brake master cylinder. A sleeve is axially movable in the brake master cylinder and is provided at least between the floating piston and the wall of the brake master cylinder. The sleeve and the wall of the brake master cylinder each have an opening which, in interaction, connect the first working space, formed by the floating piston and the plunger piston, to a displacement passage at least in the case of a movement of the floating piston into a first position in the direction of a brake actuation. With a movement of the floating piston beyond the first position, the sleeve is moved axially and separates the first working space from the displacement passage.

Abstract: An internal-combustion engine has an oil pump, preferably also the cooling water pump, assigned to an independent module which can be mounted separately.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for determining the distance of a vehicle from a roadway side marking. An arrangement of light sensitive sensor elements is fitted to the vehicle for optically scanning a portion of the roadway located in front of the vehicle. An evaluation unit, connected downstream of the sensor element arrangement, is also provided. Only one or a few sensor element lines are used as the sensor element arrangement. Each line scans a narrow strip of the roadway which runs in front of the vehicle, not parallel to the vehicle longitudinal axis, and extends laterally as far as the roadway side marking. The evaluation unit reads each sensor element line sequentially and processes the received signals to determine the lateral distance of the vehicle from the roadway marking. The relatively small quantity of data which accumulates permits the processing of the data digitally in real time by a conventional microprocessor. The apparatus is used as sleep warning system or lane guard for motor vehicles.

Abstract: The invention provides a device for determining the engine load for an internal combustion engine, such device having an input channel for receiving an item of engine speed information, as well as an intake manifold pressure sensor and an air mass flow rate sensor arranged upstream of a throttle valve, and/or a throttle valve angle sensor. The engine speed is fed to a Kalman filter as an input value and at least one of the three variables intake manifold pressure, throttle-valve air mass flow rate and throttle valve angle is fed as a variable measured by the respective sensor. The Kalman filter derives estimated values for the variables intake manifold pressure and throttle-valve air mass flow rate, with which the air mass flowing into a respective cylinder of the engine per working cycle is determined.

Abstract: A device for electromagnetic actuation of a charge change valve for internal combustion engines has an actuator unit that cooperates with the charge change valve and is arranged in a cylinder head of the engine. The actuator has an armature and two switch magnets located on either side of the armature, with the switch magnets holding the charge change valve in an open or closed position. The actuator unit is mounted to float in the cylinder head, with a play-compensating device with a play-compensating piston having a first and second pressure chambers being provided on or in the side of the actuator unit facing away from the charge change valve. The first pressure chamber is controlled as a function of engine pressure and the second pressure chamber is connected by a check valve with the first pressure chamber. Pressure medium can be drained from the second pressure chamber through a throttle line between the play-compensating piston and a cylinder surrounding said piston.

Abstract: A wheel-type landing gear is disclosed for helicopters with fastening measures on the helicopter which permit a receiving of the wheel-type landing gear on the craft at fittings provided for the fastening of skid-type landing gear without any additional support. The possibility of retrofitting and/or backfitting the helicopter is provided. The main wheels are fastened on rocker arms so that the wheel contact point is situated clearly behind the rearward landing gear fittings.

Abstract: A valence band quantum-well structure with a modulation doping for an optical-component implemented in Si technology. With this component, a high quantum efficiency and detection efficiency are accomplished. By way of spatial separation of the doped zone from the almost undoped SiGe quantum well, the Coulomb scattering and the recombination probability of the charge carriers drifting in the externally applied electrical field is greatly reduced at the doping material cores.

Abstract: An arrangement actuates the shift mechanism of a change-speed gearbox and engages and disengages a main clutch via a common servomotor. The shift mechanism, with the interposition of an auxiliary clutch which can be engaged and disengaged by a servomotor, can be actuated independently of the main clutch.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for determining a desired load value for a load-dependent current generating system, particularly a fuel cell system, in an electric vehicle. Based on an accelerator pedal demand, a desired value for the motor line currents of the electric driving motor is determined in the driving motor converter, and therefrom a desired load value is generated directly for the current generating system.

Abstract: Control element arrangement for controlling the steering angle of a motor vehicle is provided. The arrangement has a user-operable control element by whose operation a steering angle adjusting unit can be controlled for the steering angle adjustment of the vehicle wheels which is mechanically uncoupled from the control element. A reaction force mechanism is provided for such an arrangement which exercises a reaction force onto the control element which counteracts the control element operating force and which rises when the steering angle size increases as well as when the longitudinal and/or lateral movement of the vehicle increases.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for selective catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide, the gas mixture and an additionally added oxidizing gas are conducted through a reactor containing the catalyst. Oxidizing gas is added at several points along the mixed gas flow path with a controlled or regulated through flow volume. The mixed gas stream is cooled passively by static mixing structures located in the inlet area of the CO-oxidation reactor. By controlling exothermal CO oxidation along the reactor path, a very variable process guidance is provided, that can be adjusted to individual situations.

Abstract: In a liquid cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engine comprising an engine block having a cooling water space, wherein a cylinder head is mounted on the engine block by cylinder head bolts with a cylinder head gasket disposed therebetween, and the cylinder head includes a water space which is in communication with the engine block water space by passages extending through the gasket and the cylinder head bottom wall, the cylinder head bolts extend through the passages into the engine block in spaced relationship from the walls defining the passages such that cooling water flowing from the engine block cooling water space through the passages to the cylinder head cooling water space, flows along the cylinder head bolts maintaining them at cooling water temperature, and the cylinder head includes in its cooling water space longitudinal ribs extending between the cylinder head bottom and top walls for reinforcing the cylinder head.

Abstract: In a damper valve for use in a steering damper arrangement of a motor vehicle having a hydrostatic displacement motor for operating the vehicle steering mechanism wherein hydraulic fluid lines extending between the hydraulic motor and a servo-valve include the damper valve, the damper valve has a throttling arrangement which permits fluid flow in one direction and limits fluid flow in the opposite direction but permits essentially unlimited fluid flow in both directions as long as the pressure difference across the damper valve is below a predetermined threshold value so as to permit unrestricted normal steering movements of the vehicle steering system, but dampen shock movements thereof.

Abstract: In a cylinder head of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine having bottom-top and side walls defining therebetween a cooling water space and including for each cylinder a number of intake and exhaust passages arranged around a central well for receiving a spark plug or a fuel injector, which all extend through the cooling water space through which cooling water flows generally in a longitudinal direction of the cylinder head, the bottom wall has for each cylinder cooling water supply openings disposed at a side of the cooling space so as to generate, adjacent the bottom wall, a transverse flow, and transverse projections are arranged ahead of each cylinder so as to extend upwardly for lifting the longitudinal cooling water flow above the transverse cooling water flow.

Abstract: A device, for determining road tolls having a road storage unit in which, in addition to a road network, parameters are electronically stored which represent a proportional toll due for each route section of the road network. A device for determining the vehicle position is provided, as well as a computer unit which determines the toll for a vehicle travelling over a particular route as least in dependence on the parameter and position data. An adaptation to changing tolls is possible in a simple matter with this device by storing new or further parameters influencing the toll.

Abstract: A sleeve slidable along an axial direction of the impeller shaft produces a variable width of the channels leading into and out of the bypass. The sleeve can be a single unit, a telescopic slide, or a slide of two relatively movable parts.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for controlling the switching-off process of the branches of a reluctance engine whose stator is provided with windings to which are transmitted current pulses calculated as a function of angular position and speed of rotation of the rotor according to a predetermined algorithm. The excited branch is switched off when a switching-off angle is reached after a zero crossing reference angle. Two ranges of operation called "chop" range and blocked voltage range must be differentiated. The switching-off angle for both ranges of operation of the reluctance engine is calculated according to the same algorithm and is set by a regulator. In the lower speed of rotation range, the "chop" range, a pulse width modulated voltage is applied to the conductive branch, and in the upper range, the blocked voltage range, a constant voltage is applied.