Abstract: A peak detector capable of rapidly detecting a peak value of a signal is provided. The peak detector includes first and second operational amplifiers and an auxiliary current source to detect two rail to rail signals. The first operational amplifier outputs a detection signal by buffering a first rail to rail input signal. The second operational amplifier outputs a control signal in response to a second rail to rail input signal and the detection signal. The auxiliary current source includes a terminal connected to an output terminal of the first operational amplifier and the other terminal connected to the first or second source voltage. The auxiliary current source operates in response to the control signal. The auxiliary current source supplies a current from the first source voltage to the output terminal in response to the control signal or supplies a path for discharging a current from the output terminal to the second source voltage.

Abstract: A plastic container for beverages to replace a container having a round flange with a round flange diameter and which is adapted to be conveyed by air along a track with inwardly extending track rails spaced from one another a set distance. The plastic container replacing the replaced container without significant modifications to the conveying system including the inwardly extending track rails of the track. The container including a central axis, an upper mouth portion, a neck portion coaxial to the axis with a diameter, a cylindrical sidewall, a lower base and an anti-rotation flange below the upper mouth portion having a polygonal peripheral edge with a shape including a plurality of flats and a plurality of apexes each located between adjacent flats. Each apex being diametrically opposite one of the flats. The peripheral edge having a diametrical distance between each of the apexes and the flat opposite the apex.

Abstract: A variable-gain low-noise amplifier is provided. The variable-gain low-noise amplifier includes a first load, a second load, an input transistor, a pole/zero control circuit, and a gain control circuit. A first terminal of the first load is connected to a power-source voltage, and a second terminal thereof is connected to an output terminal. The second load is operated in response to a bias voltage, and a first terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal. A first terminal of the input transistor is connected to the second terminal of the second load, and a gate thereof is connected to an input terminal. The pole/zero control circuit adjusts frequency characteristics and a gain in response to at least one pole/zero control signal. A first terminal of the pole/zero control circuit is connected to the input terminal, and a second terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal. The gain control circuit adjusts the gain in response to at least one gain control signal.

Abstract: A variable gain amplifier (VGA) with a linear-in-dB gain characteristic is provided. The VGA includes: a control signal converter which converts an input gain control signal VC, which is input so that the VGA obtains a linear-in-dB gain characteristic to the maximum gain, into an output gain control signal Vx=VTln((1/m)exp(?VC/VT)?1) (m is a constant, VT=kT/q); and a variable gain amplifier which receives and converts the output gain control signal VX output from the control signal converter so that the gain has a linear-in-dB characteristic. A shape of a gain curve is externally controlled.

Abstract: Provided is a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using an LC resonator circuit which includes a first resonance circuit in which two serially connected varactor diodes and an inductor are connected in parallel, a second resonance circuit in which one or more inductor L1 and one or more capacitor C1 are connected in parallel, the second resonance circuit being serially connected to a port of the first resonance circuit, and a third resonance circuit in which one or more inductor L2 and one or more capacitor C2 are connected in parallel, the third resonance circuit being serially connected to the other port of the first resonance circuit.

Abstract: An attenuator for attenuating an input signal at a predetermined rate and a step attenuation device having the same are provided. The attenuator includes first to sixth impedance components. A terminal of the first impedance component is connected to an input signal. A terminal of the second impedance component is connected to the other terminal of the first impedance component. The other terminal of the second impedance component outputs an attenuated signal. A terminal of the third impedance component is connected to a common terminal of the first and second impedance components. A terminal of the fourth impedance component is connected to a ground voltage. A terminal of the fifth impedance component is connected to the other terminal of the fourth impedance component. The other terminal of the fifth impedance component is connected to the ground voltage. A terminal of the sixth impedance component is connected to a common terminal of the fourth and fifth impedance component.

Abstract: Provided is a low-power variable gain amplifier having a direct-current (DC) bias stabilizer.

Abstract: Provided is a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) using an LC resonator circuit which includes a first resonance circuit in which two serially connected varactor diodes and an inductor are connected in parallel, a second resonance circuit in which one or more inductor L1 and one or more capacitor C1 are connected in parallel, the second resonance circuit being serially connected to a port of the first resonance circuit, and a third resonance circuit in which one or more inductor L2 and one or more capacitor C2 are connected in parallel, the third resonance circuit being serially connected to the other port of the first resonance circuit.

Abstract: There is provided a variable gain mixer capable of controlling a gain at a low source voltage in a wide range without additional current consumption. The mixer includes: mixers constructed with variable gain amplifiers having two transistor pairs Qp+/Qp? and Qn+/Qn? to have a predetermined gain by using LO+ and LO? signals; and LO bias circuits connected to have bias voltages different from each other with respect to the LO+ and LO? signals of the mixers and share an input signal. Accordingly, by integrating the variable gain amplifiers into the mixers, a gain change can be obtained at a low source voltage in a wide range without connecting a number of variable gain amplifiers.

Abstract: A multi-channel receiver capable of minimizing an interference effect occurring among mounted receivers and a method of reducing interference of the multi-channel receiver capable of minimizing the interference effect occurring among the mounted receivers are provided. The multi-channel receiver includes an antenna, a first receiver, and a second receiver. The antenna receives an RF signal in a predetermined frequency band. The first receiver down-converts the RF signal received through the antenna into a first IF signal. The second receiver down-converts the RF signal received through the antenna into a second IF signal. Here, the first and second receivers down-convert the RF signal by exclusively using a local oscillation frequency signal generated by using a low side LO injection method or a local oscillation frequency signal generated by using a high side LO injection method.

Abstract: A variable-gain low-noise amplifier is provided. The variable-gain low-noise amplifier includes a first load, a second load, an input transistor, a pole/zero control circuit, and a gain control circuit. A first terminal of the first load is connected to a power-source voltage, and a second terminal thereof is connected to an output terminal. The second load is operated in response to a bias voltage, and a first terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal. A first terminal of the input transistor is connected to the second terminal of the second load, and a gate thereof is connected to an input terminal. The pole/zero control circuit adjusts frequency characteristics and a gain in response to at least one pole/zero control signal. A first terminal of the pole/zero control circuit is connected to the input terminal, and a second terminal thereof is connected to the output terminal. The gain control circuit adjusts the gain in response to at least one gain control signal.

Abstract: An adaptive frequency calibration unit employing an N-target algorithm for a high speed automatic frequency calibration for CDMA application is provided. The adaptive frequency calibration device calibrating a frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) bank of a phase-locked loop (PLL), the adaptive frequency calibration device includes: a reference frequency divider dividing an output frequency of a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO); a feedback frequency divider dividing an output frequency of a prescaler; a frequency comparator comparing a frequency with the reference frequency divider output and the feedback frequency divider output; and a state machine providing a predetermined bit with a predetermined frequency resolution for the VCO to calibrate the frequency of the VCO bank using the frequency comparison result.

Abstract: An attenuator for attenuating an input signal at a predetermined rate and a step attenuation device having the same are provided. The attenuator includes first to sixth impedance components. A terminal of the first impedance component is connected to an input signal. A terminal of the second impedance component is connected to the other terminal of the first impedance component. The other terminal of the second impedance component outputs an attenuated signal. A terminal of the third impedance component is connected to a common terminal of the first and second impedance components. A terminal of the fourth impedance component is connected to a ground voltage. A terminal of the fifth impedance component is connected to the other terminal of the fourth impedance component. The other terminal of the fifth impedance component is connected to the ground voltage. A terminal of the sixth impedance component is connected to a common terminal of the fourth and fifth impedance component.

Abstract: Provided is a modulation-index adjustable amplitude shift keying (ASK) transmitter including: a bias current supply unit supplying one or more bias currents in response to a digital signal that is to be transmitted and one or more bias current control signals; and a modulation signal generator generating a modulation signal corresponding to the digital signal by modulating a carrier signal in response to the one or more bias currents.

Abstract: A multi-band receiver for converting RF signals in different bands into IF signals in digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) or digital audio broadcasting (DAB) is provided. The multi-band receiver includes an amplification unit amplifying the at least three RF signals, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) generating at least three basic oscillator signals, and an IF signal converting unit converting the at least three RF signals output from the amplification unit into IF signals by using the at least three basic oscillator signals. Each of the at least three basic oscillator signals is constructed with two differential signals having a phase difference of 90 degrees. Accordingly, it is possible to easily design a VCO and reduce the area of the VCO by processing application bands band-II, band-III, and L-band of a DMB system by using one or two VCOs in the multi-band receiver.

Abstract: Provided is a low-power variable gain amplifier having a direct-current (DC) bias stabilizer.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizer capable of using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with a low value of gain Kvco, having a short automatic frequency calibration time and automatically coping with environments and a frequency calibration method are provided. The frequency synthesizer includes a reference divider, a phase detector, a main divider, a charge pump, a loop filter, a first switch, a second switch, a VCO, and an automatic frequency calibration block. The frequency calibration method includes an initialization step, an N-target algorithm step, an auxiliary search algorithm step, and a post search algorithm step.

Abstract: Provided is a poly-phase filter capable of removing an image frequency of a terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB) receiver in a low intermediate frequency (IF) structure applied to a mobile communication terminal and a receiver having the poly-phase filter. The poly-phase filter includes: a calibration control block for generating first and second filter characteristic control signals which determine electrical characteristics of the filter in response to a control signal including instructions for changing the characteristics of the poly-phase filter and holding the changed values; and a poly-phase filter block for performing filtering on a plurality of input signals having different phases from each other in response to the first and second filter characteristic control signals. Accordingly, the poly-phase filter has advantages of having constant electrical characteristics regardless of changes in a manufacturing process and temperature and a high-performance image rejection function.

Abstract: Provided are an image signal rejection method capable of avoiding demodulation of an image signal along with a real signal in a radio frequency (RF) signal and a low IF receiver of rejecting an image signal by using the method. The low IF receiver of rejecting an image signal includes a low noise amplifier, a quadrature I/Q mixer, a signal complex filter, and a phase and gain control block. The low noise amplifier amplifies a radio frequency (RF) signal. The quadrature I/Q mixer generates an I signal and a Q signal by down-converting the amplified RF signal into an IF signal. The phase and gain control block generates an I? signal and a Q? signal which are obtained by changing phases and amplitudes of the I signal and the Q signal by using a real signal. The signal complex filter minimizing the image signal in the IF signal and passing the real signal by performing filtering on the I? signal and the Q? signal.

Abstract: A phase locked loop (PLL) having a continuous bank calibration unit and a method of preventing unlocking of the PLL are provided. The PLL includes a main circuit, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), and a continuous bank calibration unit. The main circuit outputs a control voltage in response to an external clock signal and an oscillating signal. The VCO outputs the oscillating signal in response to the control voltage and the bank calibration signal. The continuous bank calibration unit compares the received control voltage with a window voltage having at least two comparison values to output the bank calibration signal. In the PLL having a continuous bank calibration unit, although the control voltage varies with external factors such as temperature, the bank of the VCO is immediately and suitably calibrated to prevent unlocking of the PLL, so that it is possible to Improve an output characteristic of the VCO.