Abstract: The invention provides gasoline additive compositions comprising solutions of at least one fuel-soluble platinum group metal compound in a solvent miscible in the gasoline, the platinum group metal complex being present in an amount sufficient to supply from 0.01 to 1.0 parts per million of the platinum group metal when added to a predetermined amount of gasoline.Preferred solvents are oxygenated hydrocarbons such as ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, and methyl tertiary butyl ether, and will preferably be employed in amounts of less than 5% of the weight of the gasoline to provide oxygen and the metal at a weight ratio of from 1,000:1 to 100,000:1. Especially preferred compounds are those of the formula:X M.sup.II R.sub.2wherein X is a cyclooctadienyl ligand; M is a platinum group metal; and R is benzyl, phenyl or nitrobenzyl.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a treatment agent comprising a heterocyclic hydrocarbon having at least one cyclic oxygen into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent comprising a hydrocarbon into an effluent at a temperature below about 1450.degree. F. according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under conditions such that the hydrocarbon treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a treatment agent comprising sugar into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent which comprises an ammonium salt selected from the group consisting of triammonium citrate and ammonium formate into an effluent at an effluent temperature of below 1300.degree. F.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of five or six-membered heterocyclic hydrocarbons having at least on cyclic nitrogen into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process is presented for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a first treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone and injecting a second treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone, wherein the first and second treatment agents are injected under conditions effective to reduce the effluent pollution index. At least one of the treatment agents comprises an ammonium salt of an organic acid having a carbon to nitrogen ratio of greater than 1:1.

Abstract: A process is presented for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises introducing a treatment agent comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of NH.sub.4 -lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, 2-furoci acid, 1,3 dioxolane, 1,4 dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, furfurylamine, furfurylalcohol, gluconic acid, citric acid, formic acid, n-butyl acetate, 1,3 butylene glycol, methylal, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, furan, fish oil, coumalic acid, furfuryl acetate, tetrahydrofuran 2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid, tetrahydrofurylamine, furylacrylic acid, tetrahydropyran, 2,5-furandimethanol, mannitol, hexamethylenediamine, barbituric acid, acetic anhydride, oxalic acid, mucic acid and d-galactose into an effluent under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a fuel is presented. The process and apparatus enables injection of an effluent treatment fluid at independently variable droplet sizes and distance of injection to a wide variety of distribution patterns within an effluent passage. An atomization conduit, positioned coaxially around a treatment fluid conduit, extends into the effluent and supplies an atomization fluid. The supply conduit is axially slidable with respect to the atomization conduit and supplying a treatment fluid through the supply conduit. The relative axial position of supply conduit and the atomization conduit is adjusted and the rate of flow of the atomization fluid is selected to inject droplets of a size effective to a desired distance within the passage.

Abstract: This invention presents a process for performing ammonia scrubbing. More particularly, the present invention comprises a process in which a non-nitrogenous treatment agent is introduced into the effluent so as to interact with ammonia present in the effluent under conditions effective to perform ammonia scrubbing, i.e., at least partially rid the effluent of ammonia.

Abstract: A method is presented for the selective gas-phase reduction of sulfur trioxide in the effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel, the method comprising introducing a treatment agent comprising hydrogen peroxide or an oxygenated hydrocarbon having at least two carbon atoms into the effluent at an effluent temperature of no greater than about 1450.degree. F.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of the concentration of nitrogen oxides is in effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel is presented. The process comprises injecting a treatment agent comprising a hydroxy amino hydrocarbon into an effluent at an effluent temperature of greater than about 1300.degree. F. under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel while minimizing the production of other pollutants is presented. The process comprises introducing (most commonly by injecting) a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment agent into an effluent according to a nitrogen oxides reducing treatment regimen under conditions such that the treatment agent is operating on the high temperature or right side of its nitrogen oxides reduction versus effluent temperature curve, especially on the high temperature or right side of the curve plateau.

Abstract: A process is presented for reducing the concentration of pollutants in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel. The process comprises injecting a first treatment agent into the effluent at a first temperature zone and injecting a second treatment agent into the effluent at a second temperature zone, wherein the first and second treatment agents are injected under conditions effective to reduce the effluent pollution index.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are described with which pulverized coal can be burned with an essentially non-turbulent flame in which the residence time of individual cool particles within the burner flame is generally increased. Pulverized cool is supplied through a plurality of annularly-distributed conduits. A supply of secondary air is passed around the conduits in a manner so as to produce an axial or low turbulent flow of air from the burner with a relatively small amount of the combustion air being swirled to produce a vortex suitable to anchor the burner flame. The pulverized solid fuel is injected to enter both the vortex and flame regions so as to expose a large portion of fuel particles to a low turbulent diffusion flame in which oxygen reaches burning particles primarily by way of a diffusion process.

Abstract: A process for the reduction of nitrogen oxides from an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel is presented. More particularly, this process comprises injecting into the effluent droplets of a mixture comprising ammonia and an enhancer selected from the group consisting of hexamethylenetetraamine, a lower carbon alcohol, sugar, furfural, furfural derivatives, a hydroxyl amino hydrocarbon, an amino acid, a protein-containing composition, mixtures of ortho-, meta-, and para-methyl phenols, guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanidine, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and mixtures thereof, under conditions effective to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the effluent.

Abstract: The present invention improves flame combustion of liquid carbonaceous fuels by the preparation and use of a fuel additive comprising a finely-divided particulate hydrated compound in stable suspension in a liquid vehicle. The median major dimension of the primary particles of hydrated compound is preferably less than 10 microns. When employed at a level of from about 200 to about 5000 parts per million, the additive can improve the efficiency of combustion and reduce particulate emissions for flame combustion of liquid carbonaceous fuels, especially residual grades of fuel oil.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for reducing nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel under oxygen-rich conditions which minimize the production of carbon-based pollutants. A dispersion of a solution comprising at least one additive compound selected from the group consisting of guanidine, guanidine carbonate, biguanide, guanylurea sulfate, melamine, dicyandiamide, calcium cyanamide, biuret, 1,1'-azobisformamide, methylol urea, methylol urea-urea condensation product, dimethylol urea, methyl urea, dimethyl urea, and hexamethylenetetramine is injected into an effluent at a temperature above 1300.degree. F., and preferably above 1500.degree. F. The concentration of the additive compound in solution, the temperature of the effluent at the point of injection, and the size of the droplets in the dispersion, are selected to provide a reduction in nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for maintaining low effluent ammonia contents while reducing nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel under oxygen-rich conditions which minimize the production of carbon-based pollutants. An aqueous solution of urea and an oxygenated hydrocarbon is injected into an effluent at a temperature above 1600.degree. F., and preferably above 2000.degree. F. The oxygenated hydrocarbon will be employed at a level effective to reduce the levels of free ammonia in the effluent. This is important when burning fuels containing significant sulfur contents because the free ammonia tends to react with the sulfur compounds to produce solid ammonium sulfate and/or bisulfate which can decrease boiler efficiency.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes are disclosed for treating liquid fuels to include precious metal catalysts dispersed within a liquid which is dispersed within the fuels. The precious metal catalysts are preferably present at a level of from about 0.005 to 0.5 ppm by weight of the treated fuel, and the liquid is preferably present at a level of from about 3 to about 15% by volume of the fuel. The fuel is treated prior to introduction into a chamber for combustion.