Abstract: The present invention provides electrical contacts having at least one contact surface consisting essentially of a silver palladium alloy containing 10-50 percent by weight palladium, 0.1-8 percent copper, 0.1-6 percent indium, 0.1-6 percent tin, and the balance essentially silver.

Abstract: A power supply for the cathode of an electron beam gun disposed in a vacuum chamber comprises a transformer for frequencies above about 20 kHz and having a primary winding and a secondary winding connected to the cathode. The transformer is mounted so as to integrate same into the vacuum chamber to dispose the primary winding in communication with the atmosphere and the secondary winding in communication with the vacuum chamber. A partition is disposed between the primary winding and the secondary winding to seal the primary winding from the vacuum and the seondary winding from the atmosphere. A control circuit receptive of a direct current supply has the output thereof connected to the primary winding of the transformer and has pulse width controlled transistors for the chopping of the direct current at a frequency above about 20 kHz.

Abstract: To provide a disposable container which can be prefabricated under sterile conditions, a pair of concentric plastic rings are formed with interfitting, interlocking projection and recess means permitting the rings to be snapped together, the rings being additionally formed with matching fitting surfaces to interpose the edge portion of a gas permeable membrane therebetween so that, when the membrane is placed on the outer ring and the two rings are snapped together, the membrane is irremovably held. Preferably, the outer ring is made of a softer, yielding plastic, the inner ring of a more rigid plastic, with a projection snapping into a groove formed on the inner, more rigid ring, and the matching clamping surfaces for the membrane forming a sinuous, tortuous path with a flexible projecting lip on the outer ring fitting into a recess to clamp the membrane and seal the membrane in the structure.

Abstract: An arrangement for regulating the evaporation rate and the layer buildup in the production of optically effective thin layers in a vacuum on substrates with controlled evaporator power and with continuous measuring of the optical characteristics of the deposited layer. The evaporation is started with a given evaporator power and with the start of change of the optical characteristics of the layer, the measured result after forming the time derivative is continuously compared with the output signal of a signal generator. This output signal reproduces the time rate of change of the optical properties during the layer buildup. The difference signal of the comparison signal is used to increase the evaporator power if the layer buildup lags, and to reduce this power if the layer buildup is too fast.

Abstract: To provide low contact resistance, long life, and resistance against tarnishing under corrosive, particularly sulfur atmospheres, a substrate carrier has a layer of palladium applied thereto, of a thickness between 0.5 and 5 .mu.m, preferably between 1 and 3 .mu.m, to which a coating of gold is applied which is porous and has a thickness of only between 0.05 .mu.m and 0.1 .mu.m; the porous gold coating forms islands of gold on the palladium which, in use and as the terminal is wiped against a counter element, smears over the palladium, thus effectively covering the palladium, preventing tarnishing, and maintaining low contact resistance throughout the useful life of the terminal element.

Abstract: The present invention provides low-current carrying rem-reed switch contacts, preferably for operation under vacuum or under a protective gas. The contacts comprise a medium-hard magnetic material substrate which may contain anomalies on the surface. These are covered by an intermediate layer from 1 to 20 .mu.m of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. This intermediate layer is then covered with a noble metal layer, for example alloys of gold or silver, and preferably by ruthenium.

Abstract: A dynamic packing for sealing a shaft which passes through a wall separating an oil-containing space from an oil-free space or from the outside atmosphere, composed of two shaft sealing rings which engage the shaft and define an oil-filled gap therebetween, and a duct composed of one portion in communication with the oil-containing space and another portion in communication with the gap to place the gap between the sealing rings in communication with the oil-containing space and which is provided with a closure element in the form of a diaphragm having one of its faces in communication with both duct portions, the duct and element being provided to relieve the pressure in the gap.

Abstract: Apparatus for analyzing the energies of charged particles having an analyzer, a detector and an electrode system. The analyzer generates an electric or magnetic field through which the particles pass, there being an outlet aperture through which the charged particles exit as a beam. The detector is arranged in the path of the beam leaving the analyzer field through the outlet aperture, and the electrode system is arranged between the analyzer and the detector and serves to adjust the cross-section of the particle beam.

Abstract: A cryopump having a generally axially symmetrical housing provided at one end with an entrance opening defined by a plane for passage of molecules of the gas to be pumped and plates defining condensation surfaces arranged to be brought to low temperature for condensation of molecules of the gas to be pumped, and a thermal radiation shield disposed in the region of the entrance opening, with the condensation surfaces being oriented substantially at right angles to the plane of the entrance opening and the radiation shield being composed of a plurality of elongate metal strips so positioned that their longitudinal axes are parallel to the condensation surfaces.

Abstract: Electron beam vaporizer having a beam generator with a heated cathode, focusing means and electromagnetic deflection means for the deflection and guidance of the beam. An exchangeable, fluid-cooled and preferably rotatable vaporizing crucible associated with the beam generator and having at least one depression in the base thereof for at least one substance to be vaporized. The crucible has passages for the flow of a coolant beneath the depression and the base of the vaporizing crucible is constructed as separate components having a common contact surface so that a removable crucible head is formed. The crucible base is closed off from its environment with regard to the flow passages.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gold, silver and nickel alloy particularly useful for electrical contacts. The alloy consists essentially of 10-40% by weight silver, 2-25% palladium, 1-5% nickel, 0.1-10% indium, 0.1-3% tin, and the balance substantially gold. The invention also provides contacts comprising said alloy.

Abstract: An electric plug assembly is formed of a plug having a handle part and a contact part projecting from the handle part and a socket adapted to receive, by insertion, the contact part of the plug. The socket has electric contacts arranged to engage the contact part of the plug in the inserted state of the plug. There are further provided longitudinal, electrically insulating spaced ribs forming part of the plug and constituting a cage surrounding the contact part of the plug and electrically insulating, spaced protrusions arranged in a circular array and forming part of the socket. The protrusions are in an interleaving relationship with the ribs in the inserted state of the plug.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the photo-optical measurement of the absorption behavior of solid, liquid and gaseous media. The analysis medium and a comparison medium are exposed to two light beams. The light beams are broken up by a chopper means into a periodical sequence of light pulses and the measured difference of the beam attenuations in the analysis medium and comparison medium is evaluated in a circuit which is adjustable with regard to the intensity of the radiation from the optical light source and the sensitivity of the light receiver. The light pulses are divided by defined variation of their intensity into two different pulse series of which one series comprises measuring light pulses and the other series comprises control pulses.

Abstract: To reduce costs and permit use of a smaller amount of noble metals in nobel metal contacts, a common metal contact material which forms, in an oxygen-containing atmosphere or in air, non-porous insulating oxides, is coated with a porous noble metal or noble metal alloy cover layer, the pores or regions not covered by the noble metal or nobel metal alloy being permitted to oxidize to form a protective common metal contact material oxide, the noble metal regions in contact with the underlying contact material itself providing for the electrical connection. Preferably, the porous cover layer has a thickness of between about 0.1 to 0.2 .mu.m, and the contact material, separately or applied to a carrier, has a thickness of between 2 to 100 .mu.m, preferably about 10 .mu.

Abstract: In an oscillating valve in which a slide plate is subjected to a swinging movement between an opening position in which it is clear of a flow passage and a closing position in which it is inserted in the flow path, and, in its closing position, is applied against a sealing surface by a sealing force to block the flow path, a single drive device is provided to produce both the swinging movement and the sealing force and the sealing force is produced by moving the slide plate perpendicular to the sealing surface only after the slide plate has reached the closing position associated with its swinging movement.

Abstract: A method for controlling the removal, by means of ion etching, of a thin layer or regions of the layer as determined by masks, from a substrate of a sample which has a chemical composition different than that of the layer to be removed. During the ion etching process, an electrical signal which changes after the removal of the thin layer is derived from the substrate or from its mount, or from an electrode disposed in the vicinity of said substrate and this electrical signal is utilized to control an arrangement which influences the ion bombardment of the surface of the sample.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing monocrystals by potless zone melting, in which the monocrystal, setting out from a seed crystal, passes through a neck and a transitional zone into the main part of the monocrystal. A chamber is provided for the formation of a vacuum or a protective gas atmosphere plus a heating device for the production of the melting heat, driving means for the mechanical movements necessary for the crystal formation, a mounting for the seed crystal, and a supporting device which is applicable to the monocrystal beyond the neck, and a plurality of gripping bodies distributed about the circumference and applicable to the monocrystal radially on its substantially cylindrical surface the gripping bodies are disposed such that they first perform a radial approach to the monocrystal until a virtually force-free contact is made therewith, adapting themselves to the surface geometry and position of the monocrystal, whereupon the gripping force is increased and the gripping bodies are locked.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for regulating the depth of immersion of melting electrodes in electrical slag remelting furnaces, consisting of an apparatus for the detection of the resistance and for changing this resistance upon the spatial displacement of the end of the electrode within the slag layer, a signal corresponding to the resistance being relayed to a regulating system for the electrode drive.

Abstract: To permit employment of an incandescent lamp of about 3000.degree. K color temperature as a light source, the reflector reflecting light to the use area, typically an operating table, a dental chair, or the like, is constructed of a material such as glass having an index of refraction of 1.425 to 1.575, the glass readily permitting passage of infrared radiation. To provide reflected light which corresponds at least approximately to daylight, with a color temperature of 6000.degree. K., the glass is coated with a sequence of materials as set forth in table I, the materials being applied to the glass in the sequence given with increasing distance from the glass carrier, resulting in an overall reflected light of about 5500.degree. K.

Abstract: The material is applied to a substrate, for example, terminal bronze, brass, or the like, and comprises, preferably, 50 to 55% gold, 24 to 28% palladium, 15 to 20% silver, 2.5 to 3% tin, 0.08 to 0.15% iridium, 0.08 to 0.15% ruthenium, 0.1 to 0.3% copper and 0.6 to 1% indium.