Abstract: A propagation test cell includes a first substantially cuboid housing part and a drive mechanism arranged therein. The drive mechanism moves a nail along a movement axis. A second housing part has a reference surface parallel and directed opposite to a reference surface of the first housing part and is in contact therewith. The second housing part has a passage coaxial with the movement axis of the nail. The passage has a passage cross-sectional area greater than the diameter of the shank of the nail. Dimensions of the outer form of the propagation test cell correspond to a multiple of the respective dimensions of a battery cell with which the propagation test cell can be arranged within a cell module, so that the propagation test cell can be substituted with at least one additional battery cell or with a multiple thereof within a cell module.

Abstract: An improved monitoring of a measurement chain with a sensor is achieved by using a broadband test signal. Thereby, the entire frequency range of a sensor can be covered with one test signal. There is no need to switch between different test signals and the available time for a diagnostic run can be used optimally. The broadband test signal allows better separation of the test signal and the useful signal. The integrity of an AC current measurement is increased by this approach. This can simplify the monitoring of a DC current sensor or even eliminate the need for an additional DC current sensor. In both cases, cost savings can be achieved.

Abstract: An intermediate circuit current of a power converter is determined as precisely as possible in a simple and inexpensive manner. The intermediate circuit current is determined as a function of a detection of the measured output voltages and output currents of the individual phases.

Abstract: The operation of a mechatronic system with a power converter is advantageously and flexibly improved with regard to electromagnetic interference emission and acoustics. A regulation of the instantaneous switching frequency is proposed, with the natural variation of the switching frequency of the delta-sigma PWM in the cycle of the fundamental voltage being taken into account, which can achieve advantages in terms of EMC, acoustics and switching losses. The regulation of the instantaneous switching frequency in particular creates a possibility of generating a specific, calibratable noise with the underlying drive. It can be used to generate a brand-specific, recognizable noise of a vehicle and also to meet normative requirements for the acoustic perceptibility of purely electric vehicles (BEV).

Abstract: A method for monitoring a power electronic assembly is improved to be more effective and versatile. It includes converting and/or modifying an electrical input into at least one electrical output by a conversion and/or modifying process which proceeds in connection with the power electronic assembly. During the conversion and/or modification a bit stream is generated by a delta-sigma modulator and represents the electrical value, that is to say the electrical input or the at least one electrical output. One bit stream each can also be generated by a plurality of delta-sigma modulators and represents the respective electrical value, that is to say the electrical input and the at least one electrical output. The power electronic assembly is monitored based on the one bit stream(s) thus generated and available as a result. The bit stream(s) is/are not demodulated, and therefore very meaningful information of the corresponding useful signal is provided.

Abstract: An intermediate circuit current of a power converter is determined as precisely as possible in a simple and inexpensive manner. The intermediate circuit current is determined as a function of a detection of the measured output voltages and output currents of the individual phases.

Abstract: An exhaust-gas turbocharger includes: an exhaust-gas turbocharger housing having a turbine housing, a compressor housing, and a bearing housing; a turbine in the turbine housing; a compressor in the compressor housing; and a shaft rotatably mounted in the bearing housing by which the turbine and the compressor are rigidly connected, at least one channel having an inlet opening and an outlet opening being formed inside the shaft, the inlet opening and/or the outlet opening being arranged in a radial direction on a circumference of the shaft between the turbine and the compressor. The at least one channel is part of a channel system of an exhaust-gas recirculation system, a reducing agent infeed, or a secondary air infeed. For the secondary air infeed, an interior space of the compressor housing is in fluidic connection with an interior space of the turbine housing.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has evaporative cooling and waste heat utilization in a common vapor circulation system. The internal combustion engine includes a first exhaust gas heat exchanger. An evaporator system fluidly connected to the first exhaust gas heat exchanger is formed from a cooling jacket heat exchanger inside a housing for the evaporative cooling. A second exhaust gas heat exchanger is fluidly connected to the evaporator system. An expansion machine is fluidly connected to the second exhaust heat exchanger. A condenser is fluidly connected to the expansion machine. A feed pump is fluidly connected to the condenser. A third exhaust gas heat exchanger is disposed in an exhaust gas train. The first exhaust gas heat exchanger is fluidically connected to the second exhaust gas heat exchanger via the third exhaust gas heat exchanger and then via the cooling jacket heat exchanger.

Abstract: A method for monitoring a power electronic assembly is improved to be more effective and versatile. It includes converting and/or modifying an electrical input into at least one electrical output by a conversion and/or modifying process which proceeds in connection with the power electronic assembly. During the conversion and/or modification a bit stream is generated by a delta-sigma modulator and represents the electrical value, that is to say the electrical input or the at least one electrical output. One bit stream each can also be generated by a plurality of delta-sigma modulators and represents the respective electrical value, that is to say the electrical input and the at least one electrical output. The power electronic assembly is monitored based on the one bit stream(s) thus generated and available as a result. The bit stream(s) is/are not demodulated, and therefore very meaningful information of the corresponding useful signal is provided.

Abstract: A method for predictive maintenance of components of an internal combustion engine by a structure-borne sound sensor includes: recording vibrations of the components of the internal combustion engine by at least one structure-borne sound sensor; and during operation of the internal combustion engine, continuously checking a release for diagnosing a wear condition of the components of the internal combustion engine. The one or more structure-borne sound sensors, which are arranged at one or more positions on the internal combustion engine, record measurement signals and forward them to evaluation electronics. The measurement signals are time-synchronized to a characteristic state of the internal combustion engine or the measurement signal recording is time-triggered. The time-synchronized or triggered measurement signals are decoded into measurement data. The decoded measurement data is subjected to a signal transformation. One or more spectrograms are generated from the signal transformation.

Abstract: A method for testing software of an electronic control unit of a vehicle includes, in a first step, executing a driving cycle, whereby input quantities and output quantities of the electronic control unit are recorded. In an additional step, the driving cycle in accordance with the first step is repeated without once again executing the driving cycle with the vehicle on the testing device so that additional output quantities are made available. It is ascertained that the software comprises a function that recognizes whether a driving cycle is being executed with the vehicle, based on there being a deviation between at least one output quantity that had been recorded in the first step and the corresponding output quantity provided in accordance with the additional step. Based thereon, a function of the electronic control unit is excluded from being further developed or processed during a subsequent development step.

Abstract: A method for cooling an engine includes increasing the pressure of a liquid coolant from a first pressure to a second pressure. Thereafter, components of the engine to be cooled are contacted with the liquid coolant so that the liquid coolant at least partially evaporates and forms a vapor with a particular state. Thereafter, the vapor is fed to a throttle to reduce the pressure of the liquid coolant to a third pressure. The particular state of the vapor is determined based on the temperature and the third pressure of the liquid coolant downstream of the throttle, and based on the second pressure of the liquid coolant under an assumption that the throttle is an adiabatic throttle such that enthalpy of the liquid coolant remains constant as the liquid coolant passes the throttle. A desired vapor state adjustment is made based on the determined particular state of the vapor.

Abstract: A method for power shifting in hybrid automatic transmissions which can have any topology and are equipped with any number of additional drive units includes a generic transformation of the effective correlations between real transmission variables into virtual variables relating to a dual-clutch transmission such that a dual-clutch power shifting core having typical basic shifting modes can be used.

Abstract: A cylinder head of an internal combustion engine includes a camshaft configured to actuate gas-exchange valves of the internal combustion engine. The camshaft has two cam segments that are joined to each other in such a manner that the cam segments cannot rotate with respect to each other, but are moveable axially relative to each other. End faces of the bearing sites of the cam segments each have splines running radially along respective outer circumferential surfaces of the cam segments. A camshaft bearing has an inner bearing ring with splines being formed on an inner surface. The splines of the inner bearing ring completely penetrate the axial course of the inner surface and the splines of the adjacent cam segments intermesh with the splines of the inner bearing ring on both sides thereof such that the inner bearing ring forms a non-rotating connection between the camshaft segments.

Abstract: In the electrical energy storage element in accordance with the invention, a plurality of electrochemical cells that are each formed with a cathode and an anode as electrodes and an electrolyte are arranged stacked above one another. They are enclosed at one side by a top plate formed from an electrically conductive material, in particular aluminum, and at the oppositely disposed side by a base plate formed from an electrically conductive material, in particular aluminum. The base plate is coated by a cathode or by an anode and the cover plate is coated in a complementary manner by an anode or by a cathode. The anodes and cathodes are each formed at oppositely disposed surfaces of an electrically conductive carrier film which preferably comprises aluminum, copper, steel or an electrically conductive plastic.

Abstract: A method is used for determining an operating point of a compressor that includes at least one impeller, compressor blades attached to the impeller, a housing and at least two sensors. The method includes calculating a deflection of the compressor blades. An operating point and a surge margin with respect to a surge limit are determined based on the calculating of the deflection by measuring passage times of the compressor blades at a sensor. A signal that is representative of a rotation speed is determined and is associated with the compressor impeller. In a learning or adaptation mode, compressor blade-specific, state-induced and position-induced deviations from an ideal state are determined using compressor blade-specific passage times that are measured and compared with ideal passage times. In a working mode, compressor blade-specific passage times are measured and the compressor blade-specific passage times are corrected using the determined state-induced and position-induced deviations.

Abstract: A charging device for internal combustion engines includes a compressor part configured to compress drawn-in combustion air. The compressor part is arranged in an intake line of the internal combustion engine and is connected to the internal combustion engine via an actuatable mechanical coupler. An expansion part is disposed in a circulation system for a circulating working medium. The circulation system includes at least one exhaust-gas heat exchanger and a circulation pump such that the expansion part is driven utilizing waste heat from the internal combustion engine. An electric machine is connected to the expansion part so as to drive the compressor part. The electric machine is connected to the compressor part. An operational electric connection is disposed between the electric machine and a battery so that electric energy is stored during an energy-recovery mode or else so that electric energy is provided to drive the electric machine.

Abstract: Internal combustion engine optimization in which individual adjustment processes to be carried out to achieve optimal cooperation between the sensors, actuators, control device and internal combustion engine are started and carried out on the basis of the quality achieved for each of the individual adjustment processes in relation to one another, the ambient conditions of the internal combustion engine and the system states of the internal combustion engine in connection with a control program.

Abstract: An adjustment shaft actuator. The adjustment shaft actuator includes an adjustment shaft arranged parallel to a camshaft of a valve train and having a lever unit with a lever arm, a cam unit that has a cam and that is connected to the camshaft in a non-rotatable manner, whereby the lever unit is arranged so as to be axially movable on the adjustment shaft or the cam unit is arranged so as to be axially movable on the camshaft, and an adjustment unit provided in order to effectuate axial movement between the at least one lever unit and the at least one cam unit, by way of which the at least one lever arm can be brought into effective contact with the cam in order to bring about a rotation of the adjustment shaft by rotating the camshaft.

Abstract: A device for a valve train for switching over the lift of gas-exchange valves of an internal combustion engine comprising a camshaft on which at least one cam carrier with at least three different cam profiles is mounted so as to be non-rotatable and axially movable. The device includes an adjustment shaft arranged parallel to the camshaft and on which a first transmission element is mounted so as to be non-rotatable and axially movable, the first transmission element having a guide unit, a housing-fixed first guide element operatively connected to the guide unit, a second guide element operatively connected, on the one hand, to the guide unit and, on the other hand, to the cam carrier via a second transmission element, the second transmission element being connected to the cam carrier so as to be axially unmovable, and a push element operatively connected to the first transmission element.