Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for detecting anomalies in a semiconductor substrate comprising the steps of providing a semiconductor substrate, making an inspection image I of the substrate, generating an image K from image I by image processing, generating image B by binarizing image K, and examining image I using image B, characterized in that generating image K comprises multiplying a high-pass convolution filtered image G(I) from image I and a first weight image W1. The present invention is also directed to an apparatus suitable for applying the method.

Abstract: The invention provides a class of substituted quinazolinone compounds and methods of treating diseases mediated by PI3K? activity. The disclosed compounds are useful in treating diseases such as bone-resorption disorders; and cancer, especially hematopoietic cancers, lymphomas, multiple myelomas and leukemia. The compounds are also useful in disrupting or inhibiting cellular processes such as leukocyte function or accumulation, neutrophils function, lymphocyte proliferation, and endogenous immune responses.

Abstract: The present invention provides polynucleotides that encode the chemokine receptors 88-2B or 88C and materials and methods for the recombinant production of these two chemokine receptors. Also provided are assays utilizing the polynucleotides which facilitate the identification of ligands and modulators of the chemokine receptors. Receptor fragments, ligands, modulators, and antibodies are useful in the detection and treatment of disease states associated with the chemokine receptors such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor growth suppression, asthma, viral infection, AIDS, and other inflammatory conditions.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to perform wavefront analysis, including phase and amplitude information, and 3D measurements in optical systems, and in particular those based on analyzing the output of an intermediate plane, such as an image plane, of an optical system. Measurement of surface topography in the presence of thin film coatings, or of the individual layers of a multilayered structure is described. Multi-wavelength analysis in combination with phase and amplitude mapping is utilized. Methods of improving phase and surface topography measurements by wavefront propagation and refocusing, using virtual wavefront propagation based on solutions of Maxwell's equations are described. Reduction of coherence noise in optical imaging systems is achieved by such phase manipulation methods, or by methods utilizing a combination of wideband and coherent sources.

Abstract: A method of wavefront (100) analysis including applying a transform to the wavefront, applying a plurality of different phase changes (110, 112, 114) to the transformed wavefront (108), obtaining a plurality of intensity maps (130, 132, 134) wherein the plurality of different phase changes are applied to region of the transformed wavefront, corresponding to a shape of the light source.

Abstract: A method for inspecting surfaces 12 with n+1 repeating patterns 16, with a camera 18 producing an image 12? with a plurality of pixels forming a matrix of pixels, said pixels generating a technical value such as the gray value or the like, and with a computer unit 26 processing data of said pixels for the detection of the condition of said surface 12, which method comprises the following comparison steps: each value of a pixel to be inspected—inspection pixel—is compared with a value of a reference pixel, the difference of the comparison of said pixels will determined the result of the inspection. The invention is characterized in that only the values of the pixels of the matrix referring to said image 12? are the basis for said values of said reference pixels to detect the condition of said surface 12.

Abstract: Substituted urea compounds useful in the treatment of diseases and C1-3alkyleneOR3 conditions related to DNA damage or lesions in DNA replication are disclosed formula (I), wherein X1 is null, —O—, —S—, —CH2—, or —N(R1)—; X2 is —O—, . -£>. -, or —N(R1)—,—. . Y xs 0 or S; or =y represents two hydrogen atoms attached to a common carbon atom, —W is selected from the group consisting of heteroaryl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, and C1-6alkyl substituted with a heteroaryl. or aryl group; R6 is —C?C—R7 or heteroaryl; R8, R9, and R10, independently, are selected from the group consisting of halo, optionally substituted C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, OCP3, CF3, NO2, CN, NC, N(R3)2, OR3, CO2R3, C(O)N (R3)2, C(O)R3, N(R1)COR3, N(R1)C(O)OR3, N(R8)C(O)OR3, N(R1)C(O)C1-3alkyleneC(O)R3, N(R1)C(O)C1 -3alkyleneC(O)OR3, N(R1)C(O)C1-3alkyleneOR3, N(R1)C(O)C1-3alkyleneNHC(O)OR3, N(R1)C(O)C1-3alkyleneSO2.

Abstract: A method of introducing a second stereogenic center into a tetrahydro-?-carboline have two stereogenic centers using a modified Pictet-Spengler reaction is disclosed. The method provides a desired cis- or trans-isomer in high yield and purity, and in short processes times.

Abstract: Substituted urea compounds useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions related to DNA damage or lesions in DNA replication are disclosed. Methods of making the compounds, and their use as therapeutic agents, for example, in treating cancer and other diseases characterized by defects in DNA replication, chromosome segregation, or cell division, also are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for making multimeric proteins comprising fusion of two or more cells expressing a single subunit of the multimeric protein to generate a single hybrid cell expressing the fully assembled multimeric protein.

Abstract: Compounds that inhibit PI3K? activity, including compounds that selectively inhibit PI3K? activity, are disclosed. Methods of inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta isoform (PI3K?) activity, and methods of treating diseases, such as disorders of immunity and inflammation in which PI3K? plays a role in leukocyte function, using the compounds also are disclosed.

Abstract: A device for measuring in three dimensions a topographical shape of an object. The device comprises an arrayed confocal imaging system having a confocal topographical mask provided for converting light produced by a light source into an array of small spots. The mask being mounted on a scanning member provided for moving the mask over successive positions over a predetermined distance. The device further comprises a confocal objective provided for mapping at successive object-position-in-focus the array of small spots output at said successive positions. The confocal objective may be mounted at a fixed position within said device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gripper for handling frames (2) that are covered with a film (3) that is intended for the transport of wafers (6). The gripper comprises at least two flat fingers (10) that carry flattened finger tips (8). This construction allows to insert the gripper between two frames (2) that are mounted in a cassette (9) without complication. The fingers (10) support in subsections both the frame (2) and the film (3). The film is attached to the frame due to the suction effect exerted by vacuum openings (5) configured on the frame, thereby fixating the film on the gripper.

Abstract: The present invention relates in part to compounds of formulas (I) and (III): and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. These compounds can be useful for treating diseases such as inflammatory and immune diseases. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, and to methods of inhibiting inflammation or suppressing immune response in a subject.

Abstract: An illumination unit comprising a high-power light source (1), a first optical element (12) for focusing the light emitted from the high-power light source (1), a photometric head (8) for illuminating an object (3) in a predefinable manner, an optical waveguide (2) for transmitting the emitted and focused light to the photometric head (8), a displacement unit (6) for varying the axial distance between the high-power light source (1) with the first optical element (12) and the inlet of the optical waveguide, wherein the cross-sectional surface of the focal point is at least twice as large as the cross-sectional surface of the optical waveguide (2) on the light inlet side, and the intensity of the light coupled into the optical waveguide (2) can be varied by axial displacement of the high-power light source (1).

Abstract: Substituted urea compounds useful in the treatment of diseases and C1-3alkyleneOR3 conditions related to DNA damage or lesions in DNA replication are disclosed formula (I), wherein X1 is null, —O—, —S—, —CH2—, or —N(R1)—; X2 is —O—,. -£>.-, or —N(R1)—, -..

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) in which R1=C1-6 alkyl, optionally halosubstituted; R2=H, C1-4 alkyl, optionally halosubstituted or replaced by halogen; R3=C2-4 alkyl, optionally halosubstituted; R4=SO2NR5R&, CO2R7 or halogen, C2-4 alkenyl; optionally substituted with NR5R6, SONR5R6, CONR5R6, CO2R7 or halogen, C2-4 alkanoyl, optionally substituted with NR5R6, SONR5R6, CONR5R6, CO2R7 or halogen; R5 and R6=independently H or C1-4 alkyl, or, together with the N atom to which they are attached, a pyrrolidino, piperidino, morpholino, 4-(NR8)-1-piperazinyl or 1-imidazolyl ring optionally substituted with one or two C1-4 alkyl groups; R7=H, C1-4 alkyl, optionally fluorosubstituted, and R8=H,C1-3 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl with 1-4 C atoms, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful for the chemotherapeutic treatment of neuropathies.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing a chiral compound having a quaternary carbon atom bearing diastereotopic groups from (a) a nitroolefin and (b) an ?-substituted ?-dicarbonyl or an equivalent compound having an acidic C—H moiety compound is disclosed. A subsequent intramolecular reaction between one of the substituents comprising the stereogenic carbon atom and one of the diastereotopic groups comprising the quaternary carbon atom creates a new compound having two contiguous stereogenic centers, one of which is quaternary, with control over the relative stereochemistry.

Abstract: The present invention relates in part to compounds of formulas I and III: and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof. These compounds can be useful for treating diseases such as inflammatory and immune diseases. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, and to methods of inhibiting inflammation or suppressing immune response in a subject.

Abstract: The present invention relates to improved methods for inhibiting aberrant cell proliferation involving the scheduling of administration of Chk1 activators (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents) and Chk1 inhibitors. At least one Chk1 activator is administered at a dose and for a time sufficient to induce substantial synchronization of cell cycle arrest in proliferating cells. Upon achieving substantial phase synchronization, at least one Chk1 inhibitor is administered to abrogate the cell cycle arrest and induce therapeutic cell death. The invention is useful with any Chk1 activator and any Chk1 inhibitor, and finds application in treating or preventing cancerous and non-cancerous aberrant cell proliferation.