Abstract: A multi stage process for the conversion of 2-chloro-4-sulphotoluene (SCT) to 2-chloro-4-sulphobenzoic acid (SCUBA). Stage (a) comprises a process S1 for the selective side chain bromination of SCT to 2-chloro-4-sulpho-dibromotoluene (SCDBT) or 2-chloro-4-sulpho-bromotoluene (SCMBT) by contacting the starting material with bromine in chloroform or trichloroethane and irradiating the mixture with light that dissociates bromine. Subsequently, in stage (b), process S2, the product of S1 can be hydrolysed at elevated temperature after separation from the organic solvent to the corresponding alcohol (SCOL) or aldehyde (SCAB). In stage (c), the product of S2 can be oxidized to SCUBA either by oxidation with a peroxyacid, optionally generated in situ, provided that the aqueous solution has previously been stripped of bromide/bromine in process S3.

Abstract: Concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide tend to decompose on storage, thereby losing their effectiveness, amongst other reasons by virtue of interaction with contaminating transition metals.Peroxygen compounds are stabilized by contact with a stabilizing amount of compound of general formula: ##STR1## in which X represents a methylene phosphonic acid group of formula --CH.sub.2 --(--PO.sub.3 H.sub.2) or salt thereof, R represents a tetra methylene diradical, optionally alkyl-substituted, that completes a cyclo-aliphatic ring and thereby establishes the two NX.sub.2 groups in a substantially fixed configuration and Y represents a hydrogen or lower alkyl group.Preferably, the solutions contain additionally one or more co-stabilizers, including stannate, phosphates, hydroxybenzoic acid, citric acid and nitrate.The stabilizer system can enable the solution to be diluted, even with municipal water.

Abstract: Process for producing sodium perborate monohydrate by dehydration of sodium perborate tetrahydrate using a current of air which is initially damp in a first phase of dehydration then dry in a second phase of dehydration.The sodium perborate monohydrate obtained can be used in washing powders for textiles. No diagrams.

Abstract: The incorporation of many percarboxylic acids in household formulations is precluded from by adverse physicochemical properties, such as a propensity to decompose too quickly during storage or explode on impact or when subjected to pressure, though otherwise they would be effective disinfectants and bleaching agents, especially at hand-hot temperatures.The invention provides a stable and effective selection of organic percarboxylic acids which satisfy one or other of the general formulae (1) or (2):R.sup.a --CO--NH--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 --CO--OOH (1)orHOO--CO--R.sup.b --CO--NH--C.sub.6 H.sub.4 X (2)in which in formula (1) the amido substituent is meta or para to the percarboxylic acid group and R.sup.a represents an alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbons in formula (1) and in formula (2) R.sup.b represents a branched or preferably linear alkylene group containing from 4 to 7 carbon atoms of which at least 4 are linear and X represents hydrogen or a substituent like chloride.

Abstract: Cork articles are bleached by a treatment by means of an alkaline aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and by drying the articles, impregnated with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of an ultraviolet radiation. No figure.

Abstract: Selective bromination of alkylarenes to the alpha monobrominated derivative is desirable as a precursor for the selective production of, for example, the corresponding alcohols. The product can be obtained by a photolytic reaction between the substrate, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen bromide in approximately equimolar ratios in an organic solvent, but improvement in the yield of the product coupled with similar or improved selectivity in its production was either not achieved or was actually impaired by a range of variations in the ratios and by omitting the solvent.The invention employs mole ratios of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 :substrate of 0.1:1 to 0.4:1, preferably 0.2:1 to 0.33:1 and of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 :bromide of 1:1.2 to 1:2, preferably about 1:1.3 to 1:1.8 and progressive introduction of the H.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: Epoxides are manufactured by reacting olefines, such as cyclohexene, isoamylene, alpha-pinene, allyl alcohol, 2,5-dihydrofuran and styrene, with hydrogen peroxide, in a homogeneous liquid reaction mixture containing less than 10% by weight of water, in the presence of a compound of a metal of group 6a, such as selenium dioxide or selenous acid, and of an organic nitrogen-containing base having a pKa of not more than 8, such as pyridine, chloropyridine, collidine, quinoline, isoquinoline or a lutidine.

Abstract: Aromatic tertiary amines are oxidized by means of hydrogen peroxide in an inert solvent medium in the presence of a catalyst selected from metal selenium and compounds of selenium.The process is applied to the preparation of oxides of heterocyclic aromatic tertiary amines and oxides of non-heterocyclic tertiary amines, in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by at least 1 aromatic nucleus.

Abstract: The seeds are coated with a polyester with a low melting point and a peroxy compound.The process involves treating the seeds with a peroxy compound in the presence of a solution of the polyester in an organic solvent or with the polyester in the liquid or melted state.

Abstract: Reaction of amine-containing substrates with hydrogen peroxide can suffer from the problems of in situ generation of nitrosamines, which are allegedly carcinogens, as impurities and impaired product formation, especially in the presence of transition metals.The problems can be ameliorated by employing a selected range of alkyleneaminopoly(methylenephosphonic acid) compounds such as cyclohexane-1,2-diaminotetra(methylenephosphonic acid).

Abstract: Alkyl phosphates, undiluted or dissolved in hydrophobic solvents can be destroyed in situ by reaction with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of certain transition metal catalyst systems. The invention catalyst system comprises a chromium compound, which dissolves in the aqueous phase, typically an alkali metal chromate, which is employed in conjunction with introduction of an alkali, preferably sodium hydroxide, or in the presence of an alkali buffer to keep the pH of the aqueous phase within a window spanning mildly acidic to mildly alkaline pH during the course of progressive introduction of the hydrogen peroxide, which often lasts from 3 to 10 hours, thereby enabling the oxidation of the alkyl phosphate to continue. The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature of at least 60.degree. C., and particularly at about 65.degree. to 75.degree. C., or at about the boiling point of the aqueous phase.

Abstract: It is desired to find an alternative way to produce benzophenones or substituted benzophenones which does so selectively and avoids the problems of previous methods that use, for example, large amounts of an aluminium chloride catalyst or nitric acid.In the invention process, a diphenyl methane starting material (DPM) in a hydrophobic phase is oxidized in a photolytic process by contact with an aqueous phase containing greater than 1 mole of HBr and at least 1.5 moles of H.sub.2 O.sub.2, both per mole of DPM, the radiation being capable of dissociating bromine to its radicals, and especially using light of wavelength 600 to 250 nm. Preferably, a reaction temperature of around 50.degree. to 65.degree. C., is used, the organic solvent comprising a suitably boiling chlorinated carbon or hydrocarbon. The H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is introduced progressively into the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of an explosive cartridge in a tubular casing, including mixing a solution containing hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizable organic material, and at least one precursor monomer of a gelling agent; and reacting the at least one precursor monomer to form macromolecules of the gelling agent in situ in the tubular casing.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide by photoreduction of molecular oxygen in an aqueous medium in the presence of visible light, of semicarbazide acting as an electron donor and of a photosensitizer selected from among Bengal Rose and the rutheniumII tris(2,2'-dipyridyl) complex, the pH of the reaction medium being kept at a value above 9.

Abstract: A quinoxaline is oxidized by means of hydrogen peroxide in an inert solvent medium in the presence of water and of a catalyst selected from selenium and selenium compounds.The process applies to the preparation of substituted and unsubstituted 2,3-dihydroxyquinoxalines.

Abstract: Selective bromination of alkylarenes to the alpha dibrominated derivative is desirable as a precursor for the selective production of, for example, the corresponding aromatic aldehyde.Improvements in the extent of selectivity of the product and/or its rate of production can be obtained by employing a photolytic reaction between the substrate, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen bromide using mole ratios of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 : substrate of about 2.8:1 or higher, preferably 3,2: to 3.5:1 and of bromide:substrate of over 2.5:1, preferably about 2.8:1 to 3.2:1 and progressive controlled introduction of the H.sub.2 O.sub.2, the reaction being carried out in the presence of a substantial amount of an organic solvent, and preferably more than 5.5 volumes per volume of substrate, whilst irradiating with light preferably having principal emissions in the range of 250 to 600 nm. The reaction mixture is preferably maintained at 50.degree. to 60.degree. C.

Abstract: Hitherto processes proposed in recent years for preparing esters of phenol sulphonate salts by reaction between a carboxylic acid chloride and a phenol sulphonate salt place considerable emphasis upon dehydrating the reactants before they are brought into contact in an organic solvent reaction medium.The present invention avoids the problems of employing non-aqueous solvents by carrying out the reaction under aqueous conditions but with controlled alkalinity and water content, especially at a base to phenol sulphonate mole ratio of from 1.3:1 to 1.6:1 and a total water to phenol sulphonate (as the anhydrous material) of not more than 4.5:1. The reaction advantageously employs in preference only a small molar excess of carboxylic acid chloride over the phenol sulphonate and preferably has a reaction temperature controlled to below 30.degree. C., expecially 5.degree. to 20.degree. C.

Abstract: Under conditions of misuse, water-soluble peroxyacids when they are left in direct contact with dyed fabrics can cause spotting and dye damage. The problem can be ameliorated by surface-treating the peroxyacid with an effective amount, preferably selected in the range of 8 to 25% w/w based on the peroxyacid, of aliphatic amines which melt or soften at about 30.degree. to 70.degree. C. Preferred agents include hydrogenated tallow amine dicocoamine and methyl dihydrogenated tallow amine. The agent can be applied in molten fashion or in inert solvent such as a chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon onto agitated particles of the peroxyacid.

Abstract: Phenol sulphonate esters can be made in a known process by reacting an alkali metal phenol sulphonate salt with an acyl halide in a hydrocarbon solvent at elevated temperatures, but the use of anhydrous materials were strongly advocated because any residual water hydrolyses the acyl chloride in a competitive reaction. However, it becomes particularly difficult and expensive to dehydrate phenol sulphonate salts below about 2% w/w water on a commercial scale and the product obtained by reaction from such partly dehydrated salts can be comparatively impure or reduced in yield. Consequently, changes to the process such as omitting the solvent or using a different acylating agent have been proposed, but these alternatives introduce their own respective manufacturing problems such as entrainment of viscous acyl chloride and anhydride in the product or introduction of a cumbersome and hence expensive recovery process involving an extra distillation step amongst others.

Abstract: Particles of peroxygen compounds chosen from alkali metal persalts, which particles are stabilized by incorporation of a combination of metal ions including magnesium ions and zinc ions.