Abstract: The invention relates to the generation of mouse models of drug metabolism in which clusters of genes that are involved in drug metabolism have been knocked out. The development of new drugs and chemicals for therapeutic use or for other purposes is extremely complex. Of particular importance is the understanding of how these chemical agents are handled in the body, whether they have appropriate pharmacokinetics and whether, as a consequence of metabolism, any safety issues arise. Many of the proteins that are involved in the metabolism, disposition and elimination of drugs are members of multigene families that exhibit very marked species differences in gene number, function and regulation. For these reasons, experiments carried out in laboratory animals to establish routes of metabolism or toxicity can be severely compromised and, as a consequence, do not faithfully represent the human situation.

Abstract: Provided is a method for processing a sample, which method comprises: a) contacting a binding phase, which binding phase is capable of binding an analyte, with the sample in the presence of a medium; b) applying across the medium a first alternating field composed of a plurality of pulses and having a first frequency, a first pulse duration and a first pulse rise time; c) optionally applying across the medium a second alternating field; and d) thereby influencing the sample and/or the binding phase in the medium.

Abstract: System and method for automatically identifying a source of a run-time error in a computer system comprises a static analysis system (SAS), an instrumentation system (IS) and a post-execution analysis system (PEAS). The is arranged to generate static analysis data on computer program code (CPC) for the computer system, including information on possible behaviors of the CPC when executed. The IS is arranged to instrument the CPC by inserting marker triggers into the CPC that, generate a marker associated with each of a number of predetermined points in the CPC that would be reached during execution of the CPC. Each marker is, uniquely identifiable. The predetermined points are determined in dependence on the static analysis data. The PEASpost execution analysis system is arranged to processes data on a run-time error produced by execution of the instrumented CPC, wherein the generated markers and the static analysis data to identify the source of the run-time error.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring the condition of livestock comprises a plurality of sensors (115, 103, 113, 111, 107, 105) for sensing a plurality of different behavioural parameters of an animal. The sensed data is transmitted by a unit (115), wirelessly, to a central processor (119) and a plurality of status conditions of the animal is determined on the basis of the transmitted, sensed data such as the onset of parturition, fertility status and other health status conditions. The unit (115) may be permanently worn by the animal and may keep an electronic record of the status conditions of the animal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to transgenic non-human animals, tissues or cells derived therefrom and methods of producing them. The transgenic non-human animals or tissues or cells derived therefrom provide a system capable of expressing human proteins responsible for drug metabolism in place of the homologous endogenous non-human animal proteins and for the controlled expression of human genes introduced into the animal so that the expression of the human genes is regulated in a manner more closely analogous to that seen in vivo in humans. One aspect of the invention relates to the use of a human DNA sequence comprising at least part of introns 6 and/or 7 of the human PXR gene.

Abstract: A security tag comprising at least one overt data carrier (10), and at least one covert data carrier (25), the covert data carrier comprising a ring (25) that is formed around the overt data carrier (10). The covert data carrier (25) is invisible to the unaided eye when lit with visible light, but visible when illuminated with other light, for example UV light.

Abstract: A computer-programming tool for generating an implementation of a first data structure, the first data structure representing at least a portion of a computer-programming language. The implementation includes a second data structure and implementation rules which define the syntax rules of the first data structure to be enforced in relation to nodes of the second data structure during a subsequent processing operation which utilizes the implementation in order to establish compliance with the syntax rules represented by the first data structure. Links between nodes of the first data structure are representative of paths of inheritance of substitutability but not implementation and interface between those nodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a computer-implemented method of presenting data which has been automatically extracted from a digital representation of a document to a curator for review, the extracted data comprising annotation entity data concerning one or more instances of entities which have been identified in the digital representation of a document, the annotation entity data comprising data specifying the location of the identified instances of entities within the digital representation of a document, the method comprising the steps of (i) displaying in a first region of a display screen a user selectable portion of the digital representation of a document with said instances of entities which are specified by the annotation entity data as being located within the displayed portion of the digital representation of a document highlighted at the location specified by the annotation entity data; (ii) displaying in a second region of the display screen a list of a plurality of instances of entities which have been identifie

Abstract: A system for games-based learning is disclosed. In one preferred embodiment the system includes a learning application for execution by a player for the assessment of a learning objective, and a learning objective controller for selecting one or more measured objectives; defining outcome conditions for the measured objectives; and selecting outcome activities that each invoke a command in the learning application. A method is also disclosed for defining a learning objective for assessment in a learning application.

Abstract: Automatic information extraction apparatus for extracting data for review by a human curator from digital representations of documents comprising natural language text, the automatic information extraction apparatus having a plurality of selectable operating modes in which the automatic information extraction apparatus is operable to extract different data for review by a human curator. In the different operating modes, the information extraction apparatus may extract data with a different balance between recall and precision.

Abstract: A collar (1000) for an animal comprising an elongate strap member (1001) and at least a first and second housings (1011, 1013) at each end of said elongate strap member (1001), each of said first and second housings (1011, 1013) comprising interlocking means (1021, 1023) such that said first housing (1011) releasably engages said second housing (1013) in the proximity of the underside of an animal's neck when the collar (1000) is fitted around said animal's neck.

Abstract: This invention relates to a light guide device and methods of manufacture. The light guide device is suitable for use in a range of applications, particularly in connection with the backlighting of displays, for example, liquid crystal displays. The light guide device comprises a combination of guide layers and one or more scattering structures in order to mask the appearance of one or more light sources.

Abstract: Methods and data processing apparatus for normalization of mentions of subcellular entities, such as proteins and/or genes, in a natural language biomedical text document, in which the species of the individual mention of a subcellular entity is determined before an identifier is assigned to the individual mention of a subcellular entity and the identified species is taken into account when assigning an identifier to the said individual mention of a subcellular entity.

Abstract: Provided is method for detecting an analyte, wherein the analyte is labelled with one or more labels relatable to the analyte which are suitable for optical detection, which method comprises: a) applying an oscillating voltage having a first frequency across the labelled analyte and simultaneously performing an optical detection method on the labelled analyte to obtain data from the one or more labels; b) applying an oscillating voltage having a second frequency across the labelled analyte and simultaneously performing an optical detection method on the labelled analyte to obtain data from the one or more labels; c) determining the identity and/or quantity of the analyte from the data obtained in step (a) and step (b).

Abstract: Light guide devices comprising an intermediate layer of low refractive index between higher refractive index elements are described. The light guide devices are suitable for use in backlights.

Abstract: In order to protect a software program, at least one corruption function is included in the program. Also included in the program is at least one instruction that causes the program to be directed to the corruption function. An available breakpoint is then set such that, when the starting location of the corruption function is reached, an exception is generated and the handling of the exception causes the corruption function not to run. This has the effect that, if a malicious user attempts to use the available hardware breakpoint to perform unauthorized actions on the software program, the corruption function will run, and the software program will be unusable.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are provided for generating video data derived from the execution of a computer program. In a first mode, the apparatus is operable to (a) execute a computer program comprising one or more components executed in a sequence of execution frames, each execution frame having a given state; and (b) record video data comprising a sequence of video data frames corresponding to the sequence of execution frames. In a second mode, the apparatus is operable to (c) process video data which have been recorded during the previous execution of the program, to allow a visualization of the execution of that program; and (d) allow a user, at any frame of the sequence of video data frames, to change the mode to the first mode and to obtain from the video data the state of the corresponding execution frame of the program.

Abstract: This invention relates to structures for mounting LEDs, said structures being suitable for use in the manufacture of light guide devices. This invention also relates to light guide devices comprising said structures and methods of manufacture of the aforementioned. The light guide devices are suitable for use in a range of applications, particularly in connection with the backlighting of displays, for example, liquid crystal displays.

Abstract: The present invention provides a convenient process for making lithium sulfide involving heating one or more lithium-containing compounds and sulphur, wherein the heating step is performed at a temperature of 600 to 1500° C.

Abstract: An apparatus (50) for and method of manufacturing helically wound tubular structures (116) includes a rotating faceplate (74) upon which are mounted a plurality of diameter defining rollers (78) which, in operation, cause a strip material (80) to be plastically deformed into a helical winding which may be lain down in abutting or self-overlapping relationship to form said tubular structure (116).