Abstract: In a method of making molds with microstructured recesses having a continuous base covered by a film of an electrically conductive material for forming in the recesses, by electrodeposition, microstructured plate-like bodies a microstructure master mold is pressed into a layer of thermoplastic material coated with a film of an electrically conductive material at a temperature which is above the softening temperature of the thermoplastic material such that the thermoplastic material with the electrically conductive film thereon first contacts the microstructure face and then enters the recesses in the microstructure. The master mold and thermoplastic material are then cooled and the master mold is removed whereby the thermoplastic material provides a negative mold of the microstructure having a continuous electrically conductive film disposed on the recess bases whereas the remainder of the electrically conductive film is broken apart and disposed in isolated spangles on the rest of the microstructured mold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reading a glass dosimeter in which a fluorescent glass element after exposure to ionizing radiation is subjected to ultraviolet light pulses so as to generate fluorescence pulses which are sampled in different sampling periods for determination of the exposure dose of the glass element by utilizing a fluorescent pulse component in a particular wavelength range. Preferably, concurrently an unexposed sample glass is subjected to the same UV light pulses and its fluorescence is subtracted from the exposure dose value in order in eliminate the base dose inherent to a particular glass for improved accuracy.

Abstract: In a radiation dose reading apparatus for a fluorescent glass element which was exposed to ionizing radiation and which is subjected to ultraviolet light radiation so as to cause fluorescence with an intensity depending on the radiation dose received by the glass element wherein the radiation dose is determined from the intensity of the fluorescence emitted from the glass elements detecting face, a fluorescence diaphragm arrangement is provided so as to overlay the glass element detecting face and is movable thereon for changing the fluorescence detecting areas and a fluorescence intensity reading device is provided for determining fluorescence intensity distribution and the glass element detecting face.

Abstract: A valve plate (14) provided with slot-like valve ports (16) is able to slide between two stationary valve plates (10 and 12) which are joined with each other and are provided with corresponding slot-like valve ports (16). A electrostatic drive is integrated in the valve plates (10, 12 and 14). It consists of strip-like electrodes (20 and 22) which are arranged opposite to corresponding electrodes of another valve plate. By the application of suitable actuating potentials with the same or opposite polarity to the electrodes of different valve plates the actuating forces may be produced, which are needed for moving the movable valve plate (14).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a two-dimensionally extending metallic microstructure body having a multitude of minute openings the dimensions and distribution of which may be predetermined. A tool having microstructures on the surface thereof, which microstructures taper outwardly, is pressed into the electrically insulating layer of a molding material comprising an electrically insulating layer and an electrically conducting layer, so that the microstructures project at least through the insulating layer, to form an impression in the molding material. The tool is withdrawn from the molding material to form an impression in the molding material comprised of openings which taper in the direction of the electrically conducting layer.

Abstract: A process for the lithographic manufacture of electroformable microstructure having a triangular or trapezoidal cross-section from a resist material.A composite body is provided which is comprised of a layer of resist material on an electrically conductive substrate. The resist layer is irradiated to form irradiated band regions in the resist layer by conducting a first irradiation in which the substrate having the resist layer thereon is positioned at an angle of +.alpha. relative to a plane orthogonal to the incident radiation to form a first set of band-shaped regions, and a second irradiation in which the substrate is positioned at an angle of -.alpha. relative to a plane orthogonal to the incident radiation to form a second set of band-shaped regions which overlap the first set at the interface between the resist layer and the substrate. The irradiated regions of the resist layer are developed to produce microstructures.

Abstract: A method of producing thin sheets that are stretched over a frame and have planar and smooth surfaces with a low density of defects, and to the use of such sheets for the production of X-ray masks, wherein the sheet material is applied to a substrate through the intermediary of a release layer, whereupon the sheet is connected with the frame and separated from the substrate. During application of the release layer to the substrate, an area along the entire edge of the substrate is left free of the release layer material but is convered by the subsequently applied sheet material. Thereafter the sheet is connected with the frame in a region overlying the release layer and is severed around the periphery of the frame. Finally, the sheet and frame are released from the substrate and any release layer material remaining on the sheet is removed. The resulting sheet and frame arrangement may then be used to form an X-ray mask by applying desired X-ray absorber structures to the surface of the sheet.

Abstract: A micro secondary electron multiplier or an array thereof employs discrete dynodes which are microstructured and applied to an insulating substrate plate. The substrate plate is provided with electrical conductor paths for the connection of the dynodes. The dynodes can be made using a technique such as X-ray depth lithography-galvanoplasty (the LIGA technique). The micro secondary electron multiplier or an array of such multipliers is extremely small and sensitive, and has a high time resolution. Furthermore there is considerable flexibility in positioning the multipliers of an array.

Abstract: Semiconductors for resistive gas sensors or resistive semiconductor gas sensors with high speed of reaction are disclosed. These semiconductors are appropriate to measure the partial pressure of oxygen and reducing gases in any predetermined measurement range between 10.sup.-30 and about 1 bar or in the whole of this measurement range, their resistance changes being caused by a volume effect. In particular, these semiconductors have a layer less than 100 .mu.m thick, predetermined geometric structure and clearly marked marginal zones. A specially doped semiconductor composed of perowskit having the general formula A'.sub.x A.sub.1-x-Z1 B'.sub.y B.sub.1-y-Z2 O.sub.3 is applied on a substrate with a paste of an organic base material by a thick film technique. By adding or removing at least one element or by using two different semiconductors the characteristic curve is clearly traced.

Abstract: A process for reproducing a structured, plate-shaped body, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a composite body containing an electrically insulating molding compound layer and an electrically conducting molding compound layer, (b) pressing a first microstructured body, having an outer face, into the electrically insulating molding compound layer while applying ultrasound so that the outer face of the first microstructured body projects into the electrically conducting layer, (c) removing the first microstructured body from the composite body while applying ultrasound to form an impression in the composite body, (d) electroplating a metal into the impression in the composite body to fill the impression with metal and form a second microstructured body, and (e) removing the composite body from the second microstructured body.

Abstract: A method for analyzing a gas by means of microwave absorption including the steps of: generating a microwave at at least one frequency; continuously sweeping the microwave frequency over the absorption frequency of a known pure gas component; transmitting the microwave frequency to a measuring cell containing the gas to be measured and to a reference cell containing the known pure gas component; detecting an absorption measurement signal from the measuring cell; detecting an absorption reference signal from the reference cell; integrating the intensity of the measurement signal; and applying an alternating Stark voltage with a phase shift to the measuring cell and to the reference cell. Also provided is an apparatus which may be used in conjunction with this method.

Abstract: An inductive flow probe for measuring the flow velocity of a stream of liquid metal by insertion of the probe into the stream. The probe includes a probe tube having first and second regions therein, at least one permanent magnet disposed in the first region for providing a magnetic field with a direction substantially transverse to the direction of the stream, and a first pair of thermoelements positioned in the first region within the magnetic field. The invention further includes a second pair of thermoelements positioned in the second region outside the magnetic field and an evaluation circuit coupled to the first and second pairs of thermoelements. The evaluation circuit generates a temperature-compensated signal corresponding to the velocity of the stream of liquid metal.

Abstract: A gas target device in which a gaseous target is bombarded with charged particles by means of a charged particle accelerator and radioisotopes are produced in a target chamber receiving the gaseous target a vacuum chamber is disposed in front of the gas target device so as to provide safety volume with gas-tight metal foils disposed at both ends thereof which metal foils however are permeable to the charged particles but provide a gas-tight seal with respect to the target chamber of the gas target device and the vacuum system of the accelerator. The metal foils are held by flanges disposed between the housing which are movable relative to one another to permit removal and replacement of the metal foils associated with the flange plates.

Abstract: Apparatus for catalytically reducing noxious substances in flue gas employes, in a first embodiment wherein combustion air is also pre-heated, a two-part heat-exchanger which is traversed from top to bottom by a plurality of catalytically active, separately movable heat-storage elements. Combustion gas is heated in a first portion of the heat-exchanger by heat transferred from the heat-storage elements and the noxious gases are catalytically reduced in a second portion of the heat-exchanger downstream from the first portion in the presence of ammonia and the heat-storage elements. The heat-storage elements can be removed from circulation and replaced by unspent or regenerated elements when the residual content of noxious substances in the flue gas remains elevated.

Abstract: A method of determining radiation doses by evaluation of nuclear tracks in an irradiated foil of track recording material through the use of an electrochemical etching cell which is subdivided into two chambers by the foil with the irradiated side of the foil contacted by a mixture of an etchant and a solvent and the opposite side of the foil contacted by an electrolyte and with a first electrode immersed into the mixture and a second immersed into the electrolyte, the method including the steps of: (a) applying an alternating voltage across the two electrodes establishing an electric field through the foil; (b) etching the nuclear tracks by selective exposure to the mixture for a given period of time in the presence of the electric field; (c) continuously recording the electrical capacitance between the electrodes during the performance of step (b); and (d) comparing the electrical capacitance reached after a given etching time with a calibrated value for obtaining a measure for the radiation dose.

Abstract: A process for the production of at least a one kilogram block of Chevrel-phase Pb.sub.x Mo.sub.y S.sub.z, wherein x=0.9 to 1.2, y=6.0 to 6.4, and z=7 to 8, includes mixing thoroughly stoichiometric quantities of starting materials in powdered form. The starting materials are selected from elemental Pb, Mo and S, sulfides of elemental Pb and Mo, and mixtures thereof. The starting mixture is introduced into a metallic container and evacuated to a pressure to 10.sup.4 Pa or less. The evacuated container is subjected to hot isostatic pressing at a constant pressure selected from a pressure ranging from 100 to 300 MPa, at a heating rate ranging from 10.degree. to 100.degree. C./hr., at a final pressing temperature ranging from 800.degree. to 1200.degree. C., and for a pressing period ranging from 10 to 100 hours, whereby the starting materials react to form the block of Chevrel-phase Pb.sub.x Mo.sub.y S.sub.z. The block is cooled at a cooling rate ranging from 50.degree. to 500.degree. C./hr.

Abstract: A clamping arrangement for stainless steel fiber filter elements in the pressure relief channel of a safety containment of a nuclear installation. The filter elements are engaged at their edges by a clamping structure which is fully disposed within the duct walls defining the relief channel. The clamping arrangement includes a support frame mounted on the duct walls and a clamping frame disposed on the support frame and clamped thereto with the edges of the respective filter element clamped therebetween such that any leakage through the clamping arrangement is still contained by the duct walls.

Abstract: A fluorescent glass dosimeter comprises a glass element holder including inner and outer envelopes. Each of the inner and outer envelopes has a mask frame used for covering the peripheral portions of the corresponding fluorescent detection surface of a fluorescent glass element. The fluorescent glass dosimeter further comprises upper and lower cases. The upper case serves as a pivotable lock member and includes a lock portion, the locking condition of which can be released by means of a magnet. The lower case is adapted to receive the glass element holder. The upper and lower cases are engageable with each other at their slide portions. The glass element holder includes an integral index plate havig an identification hole code at a predetermined location. A direction regulating member is provided for the lower case, and a portion engageable with the direction regulating member is provided for the glass element holder.

Abstract: A process for the powder metallurgical production of structural parts of high strength and hardness from silicon-manganese or silicon-manganese-carbon alloyed steels. The alloying elements Si and Mn or Si, Mn and C are mixed, in powder form, by way of the alloy carriers ferrosilicon, ferromanganese or a silicon-manganese-iron master alloy containing silicon and manganese in the ranges from 10 to 30 weight percent Si, 20 to 70 weight percent Mn, remainder Fe, with an iron powder and when carbon is present with graphite, to form a powder mixture. The powder mixture is compressed and sintered at a temperature in a range from 1150.degree. C. to 1250.degree. C. and then cooled.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for determining the natural frequencies of a longitudinally oscillating band excited by a transmitting oscillator, and whose oscillations are received by a receiving oscillator and evaluated. At least one of the exciting oscillator and the receiving oscillator is a sandwich oscillator having metal end masses. The oscillations are transmitted longitudinally along the pre-tensioned length of the band disposed between the transmitting oscillator and the receiving oscillator. An attachment device for attaching the band to the respective oscillators includes a roller which is spring-biased to rest in a groove formed in one face of each of the respective oscillators.