Abstract: Disclosed are methods for purification of a crude TiI4 for deposition of Ti-containing films including evaporating volatile impurities in the crude TiI4 under vacuum at room temperature in a sublimator and removing the volatile impurities, placing the sublimator in a hot oil bath under vacuum at a temperature to evaporate TiI4 and form powders or a solid, and sublimating the powers or the solid under vacuum at the temperature to obtain the purified TiI4. Disclosed are methods for storage of a pure TiI4 including drying a stainless-steel canister, instantaneously moving the dried stainless steel canister into a glove box under inert atmosphere at room temperature, moving the pure TiI4 into the glove box, filling the pure TiI4 into the dried stainless-steel canister, and sealing the dried stainless steel canister containing the pure TiI4 with metallic sealing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flowmeter for liquid/gas two-phase cryogenic fluids, including: a separator of the liquid/gas phases, preferably made up of vessel, the cryogenic fluid being admitted into the top portion of said vessel; a liquid flow sensor, located on a liquid pipe in fluid communication with the bottom portion of the vessel, the vessel being placed in the top position in the space relative to the liquid flow sensor; a gas pipe, in fluid communication with the upper portion of the vessel, provided with a flow sensor of the gas phase circulating in said gas pipe; a three-way valve capable of recovering, in two of the channels thereof (A/B), the downstream end of said gas pipe and the downstream end of said liquid pipe; and a device for measuring the level of liquid in the vessel, preferably comprising two level sensors: a bottom level sensor and a top level sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for the production of air gases by the cryogenic separation of air can include a cold box having a heat exchanger, and a system of columns; a pressure monitoring device; and a controller. The cold box can be configured to receive a purified and compressed air stream under conditions effective for cryogenically separating the air stream to form an air gas product. The apparatus may also include means for transferring the air gas product from the cold box to an air gas pipeline. The pressure monitoring device is configured to monitor the pipeline pressure, and the controller is configured to determine whether to operate in a power savings mode or a variable liquid production mode. By operating the apparatus in a dynamic fashion, a power savings and/or additional high value cryogenic liquids can be realized in instances in which the pipeline pressure deviates from its highest value.

Abstract: A method for the liquefaction of an industrial gas by integration of a methanol plant and an air separation unit (ASU) is provided. The method can include the steps of: (a) providing a pressurized natural gas stream, a pressurized purge gas stream composed predominately of hydrogen and originating from a methanol plant, and a pressurized air gas stream comprising an air gas from the ASU; (b) expanding three different pressurized gases to produce three cooled streams, wherein the three different pressurized gases consist of the pressurized natural gas stream, the pressurized purge gas stream, and the pressurized air gas stream; and (c) liquefying the industrial gas in a liquefaction unit against the three cooled streams to produce a liquefied industrial gas stream, wherein the industrial gas to be liquefied is selected from the group consisting of a first portion of the pressurized natural gas stream, a nitrogen gas stream, hydrogen and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A method for the production of air gases by the cryogenic separation of air can include the steps of sending a purified and compressed air stream to a cold box under conditions effective for cryogenically separating the air stream into oxygen and nitrogen using a system of columns, wherein the purified and compressed air stream is at a feed pressure when entering the system of columns; withdrawing the oxygen at a product pressure; delivering the oxygen at a delivery pressure to an oxygen pipeline, wherein the oxygen pipeline has a pipeline pressure; and monitoring the pipeline pressure. The method can also include a controller configured to determine whether to operate in a power savings mode or a variable liquid production mode. By operating the method in a dynamic fashion, a power savings and/or additional high value cryogenic liquids can be realized in instances in which the pipeline pressure deviates from its highest value.

Abstract: In a purification method, a carbon dioxide-rich gas is cooled in a first brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger, the cooled gas or at least one fluid derived from the cooled gas is sent to a purification step comprising a distillation step, the purification step produces a carbon dioxide-rich liquid which is cooled, then expanded, then sent to a second heat exchanger where it is heated by means of a fluid of the method, the exchanger carrying out an indirect heat exchange only between the carbon dioxide-rich liquid and the fluid of the method, the carbon dioxide-rich liquid at least partially vaporizes in the second exchanger and the vaporized gas formed heats up again in the first exchanger to form a carbon dioxide-rich gas.

Abstract: Method of operating a long direct-fired inclined counterflow rotary kiln for the thermal treatment of material and counterflow rotary kiln adapted for same, whereby material to be treated is introduced into the kiln at the inlet end and treated material is evacuated from the kiln at the outlet end, whereby a main combustion zone extends inside the kiln over a distance of ¼ to ? of the internal length Lint of the kiln, whereby a supplementary combustion zone in which supplementary combustion takes place with an oxygen-rich oxidant extends inside the kiln over a distance from the inlet end of at most ¼ of the internal length Lint, and whereby no combustion takes place in a heat exchange zone located between the main combustion zone and the supplementary combustion zone.

Abstract: A cryogenic installation unit comprises at least one item of equipment to be thermally insulated, a structure for containing the at least one item of equipment, a main insulation contained in the structure and, associated with this main insulation, a secondary insulation of lower thermal conductivity than the main insulation, said secondary insulation consisting of a vacuum insulation panel.

Abstract: Process for the combined production of a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, and of carbon monoxide by cryogenic distillation and cryogenic scrubbing, wherein a methane-rich liquid is introduced at a first intermediate level of a scrubbing column as first scrubbing liquid and at least one nitrogen-rich liquid is introduced at a level higher than the first level of the scrubbing column as second scrubbing liquid and a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen is drawn off as overhead gas from the scrubbing column.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stack of cells of a fuel cell comprising an anode plate and a cathode plate, at a first one of the two ends thereof, the stack ending in a first anode or cathode end plate, respectively, arranged on the cathode or anode plate, respectively, of the last cell of the stack, said first end plate defining a circuit for the cooling fluid of the last cell and said first end plate being an anode or cathode plate, respectively, identical to the anode and cathode plates, respectively, of the cells but missing the opening for dispensing reagent. It is thus possible to simplify the development and the assembly of a stack of cells of a fuel cell with proton-exchange membrane while ensuring a good seal and satisfactory cooling at the end of the stack.

Abstract: In a method for separating a mixture containing carbon dioxide, the mixture is cooled in a heat exchanger and partially condensed and a first liquid is separated from the mixture in a first system operating at low temperature comprising at least one first phase separator and a gas from the first system is treated in a membrane system to produce a permeate and a non-permeate, the gas from the first system being divided into two portions, a first portion being sent to the membrane system without being heated and a second portion being heated to at least an intermediate temperature of the heat exchanger and then sent to the membrane system without being cooled.

Abstract: An apparatus for the production of air gases by the cryogenic separation of air can include a cold box having a heat exchanger, and a system of columns; a pressure monitoring device; and a controller. The cold box can be configured to receive a purified and compressed air stream under conditions effective for cryogenically separating the air stream to form an air gas product. The apparatus may also include means for transferring the air gas product from the cold box to an air gas pipeline. The pressure monitoring device is configured to monitor the pipeline pressure, and the controller is configured to adjust the product pressure of the air gas product coming out of the cold box based upon the pipeline pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for anaesthetizing animals before slaughter, by the anaesthetic action of gases or gas mixtures, method operating in “batch” mode in which the live animals, preferably put together in one or more cages, are placed in a lock chamber for treatment where the animals are brought into contact with anaesthetic gas, following a cycle comprising several steps characterized by different contents of anaesthetic gas, characterized in that at least one of the steps is carried out using gas recovered from the lock chamber and stored in at least one capacity (2, No. 1, No. 2 etc.) for temporary storage having a variable volume.

Abstract: There is proposed a method for starting up a pre-reforming stage in an integrated reforming plant in which a hydrocarbonaceous feed stream, in particular natural gas, is converted into a reformation product containing carbon oxides, hydrogen and hydrocarbons. Before carrying out the start-up method, the catalyst contained in the pre-reforming stage is in an oxidized or passivated state. For its activation, the pre-reforming catalyst is charged with a methanol/steam mixture, from which by steam reformation of methanol in situ the hydrogen required for the activation of the catalyst is produced. Excess hydrogen is used for the hydrogen supply of the desulfurization stage arranged upstream of the pre-reforming stage.

Abstract: A method of forming a thin film includes forming a niobium-containing film on a substrate by using a niobium precursor composition and a reactant, the niobium precursor composition including a niobium compound represented by Formula (1): Nb(R5Cp)2(L)??Formula (1) (where each R is independently H, a C1 to C6 alkyl group, or R13Si, with each R1 being independently H or a C1 to C6 alkyl group, Cp is a cyclopentadienyl group, and L is a formamidinate, an amidinate, or a guanidinate.

Abstract: An apparatus for the production of air gases with variable liquid production by the cryogenic separation of air can include a cold box having a heat exchanger, and a system of columns; a pressure monitoring device; and a controller. The cold box can be configured to receive a purified and compressed air stream under conditions effective for cryogenically separating the air stream to form an air gas product. The apparatus may also include means for transferring the air gas product from the cold box to an air gas pipeline. The pressure monitoring device is configured to monitor the pipeline pressure, and the controller is configured to adjust the product pressure of the air gas product coming out of the cold box based upon the pipeline pressure and to further adjust liquid production from the cold box based on the adjusted product pressure.

Abstract: A method for the production of air gases with variable liquid production by the cryogenic separation of air can include the steps of sending a purified and compressed air stream to a cold box under conditions effective for cryogenically separating the air stream into an oxygen product and nitrogen using a system of columns, wherein the purified and compressed air stream is at a feed pressure when entering the system of columns; withdrawing the oxygen product at a product pressure; delivering the oxygen product at a delivery pressure to an oxygen pipeline, wherein the oxygen pipeline has a pipeline pressure; wherein during the second mode of operation, the method can include monitoring the pipeline pressure; reducing the difference between the pipeline pressure and the delivery pressure; and adjusting liquid production from the cold box. By operating the method in a dynamic fashion, additional liquid production can be realized in instances in which the pipeline pressure deviates from its highest value.

Abstract: A cryogenic installation unit comprises at least one item of equipment to be thermally insulated, a structure for containing the at least one item of equipment, a main insulation contained in the structure and, associated with this main insulation, a secondary insulation of lower thermal conductivity than the main insulation, said secondary insulation consisting of a vacuum insulation panel.

Abstract: Method for filling a tank with pressurized hydrogen via a filling station comprising at least one buffer container and a fluid circuit connected to said at least one buffer container, the circuit of the filling station comprising a first end connected to at least one source of hydrogen gas, the circuit comprising a second end fitted with a transfer pipe intended to be connected removably to the tank that is to be filled, the method involving a step of cooling the hydrogen supplied to the tank by transferring negative calories between a cold source and the hydrogen, the method being characterized in that it comprises a step of purifying the hydrogen supplied by the source in a purification member before transferring it to the at least one buffer container, and in that it comprises a step of transferring negative calories from said cold source to the hydrogen before and/or during the purification step.

Abstract: The invention relates to a pressurized fluid cylinder, a member for acquiring, storing and processing data, and at least one data display device. The valve comprises a sensor which detects the position of a manual control member, and a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure inside the storage space of a fluid cylinder. The data acquisition, storage and processing member is designed to: calculate an actual value for the amount of fluid remaining and/or drawn off; calculate a theoretical value for the amount of fluid remaining and/or drawn of on the basis of the regulation performed by the regulating member and measured by the position of the control member compare the actual value based on the measurement of the pressure sensor with the theoretical value; and generate a warning signal if the difference between these actual and theoretical values is greater than a specific safety threshold.