Abstract: A stepped pulse generator circuit has an input line for receiving a sawtooth form voltage and an output line for providing a step-shaped pulse. First and second differential amplifiers each have first and second transistors the first transistor of each differential amplifier has its base electrode coupled to the input line. A common load resistor for the differential amplifiers is coupled to the collector electrode of the first transistor of the first differential amplifier, to the collector electrode of the second transistor of the secon differential amplifier and to the output line. A biasing circuit is coupled with the base electrode of the second transistor of the first differential amplifier and with the base electrode of the second transistor of the second differential amplifier and is arranged to provide a different bias potential on each base electrode. Current supply is provided to the emitter electrodes of the transistors of the first and second differential amplifiers.

Abstract: A light fired thyristor including a semiconductor body having four zones of alternatingly opposite conductivity types constituting a first or cathode emitter zone, a control base zone adjacent thereto, a main base zone and a second or anode emitter zone with the cathode emitter zone being formed within the control base zone at one major surface of the semiconductor body and being divided into a plurality of separate regions of which one serves as the firing region of the first emitter zone to fire the thyristor in response to impinging radiation energy. The firing region of the first emitter zone is provided in part with a first ohmic contact which is ohmically connected to a further ohmic contact connected to the control base region adjacent the edge of the semiconductor body. The remaining regions of the first emitter zone are provided with a cathode contact which simultaneously contacts the portions of the control base zone between these regions and forms short circuits with the control base zone.

Abstract: The circuit includes a signal path extending between an information signal input terminal and an information signal output terminal. A differential amplifier, having a non-inverting input and an inverting input, is included in the signal path, and a feedback path, containing electronically controlled impedance, connects the amplifier inverting input to the amplifier output. A branch path is branched off from the information signal output terminal and, in this branch path, a control voltage is derived from the information signal and fed to the electronically controllable impedance. In accordance with the invention, the information signal input terminal is connected to the non-inverting amplifier input to feed the information signal thereto. Two diodes are connected in parallel with each other, but in oppositely poled relation, across the feedback circuit, to limit the feedback voltage between the amplifier output and the amplifier inverting input.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for controlling the energization and de-energization of a coil comprises a switching transistor for controlling the coil and which is not provided with protection against avalanche breakdown, a resistor being provided in parallel with the base-emitter path of the switching transistor to prevent overload of the switching transistor during avalanche operation.

Abstract: A tuning circuit for a high frequency receiver in which the received frequency is determined by a voltage-controlled oscillator, the present tuning frequency is indicated by a counter connected to the oscillator and producing a representation of each digit of the decimal number identifying the current received frequency, representations of the digits of the number identifying the desired received frequency are fed in via a keyboard, and the decimal number representations are compared in a comparator to produce a control voltage that brings the oscillator frequency to the desired value, and in which the comparator is capable of comparing only one digit of the number representations at a time and receives the digits of corresponding significance in sequence, starting with the most significant digit, and the rate at which the control voltage is varied is made inversely proportional to the number of changes in the direction of the inequality of the digits of one of the number representations being compared relati

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrically conductive contact layer comprises producing a paste like mixture of between 60 and 98% by weight of silver or silver oxide powder and between 2 and 40% by weight of glass powder with a vaporizable liquid, the mixture being applied to a surface on which the layer is to be formed and dried and baked in using air at 350.degree. to 550.degree. C.

Abstract: A hammer drill comprises a housing with a cylinder in the housing defining a cylindrical piston chamber and an air chamber located around at least a portion of the piston chamber sealed against the ambient atmosphere and against adjacent components of the housing. The housing defines a tool-receiving chamber aligned with and communicating with the piston chamber and a percussion body is movable in a piston chamber against a tool positioned in the tool-receiving chamber. The piston is reciprocated through a crank drive by an electric motor within the housing toward and away from a percussion body. The cylinder defines a pneumatic buffer zone between the piston and the percussion body so that air which is displaced by the movement of the piston provides a coupling and buffing fluid between the piston and the percussion body.

Abstract: A tuning circuit for a high frequency receiver in which the received frequency is determined by a voltage-controlled oscillator, the present tuning frequency is indicated by a counter connected to the oscillator and producing a representation of each digit of the decimal number identifying the current received frequency, representations of the digits of the number identifying the desired received frequency are fed in via a keyboard, and the decimal number representations are compared in a comparator to produce a control voltage that brings the oscillator frequency to the desired value, and in which the comparator is capable of comparing only one digit of the number representations at a time and is associated with multiplex circuitry which supplies the digits of corresponding significance thereto in sequence, starting with the most significant digit.

Abstract: A travelling-wave tube comprises a delay line section, an electron collector comprising several electrodes in a cooling chamber, one end wall of which is connected to the delay line section, the several electrodes being individually mounted on an inner wall of the cooling chamber by insulation with good heat conduction characteristics and individually electrically connected to insulated bushings in the said end wall.

Abstract: An arc blow-out switch is formed of a plurality of extinguishing units arranged in tandem, each including a movable compression cylinder and a stationary compression piston arranged in the compression cylinder. Axially aligned insulating cylinders surround each extinguishing unit. The arc blow-out switch further has a rod arrangement disposed within the insulating cylinders and connected to the compression cylinders for moving the latter as a unit to effect circuit making and circuit breaking operations.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode for electrochemical cells with acid electrolytes, comprises a hydrophobic layer of gas permeable electrically conductive material having up to 0.2 mm of thickness and having pores with a most frequent pore diameter of about 1.8 microns and a hydrophilic layer containing a catalyst which is closely bonded to the hydrophobic layer. The hydrophilic layer has pores with a most frequent pore diameter of 0.09 microns.

Abstract: An electron beam producing arrangement for a cathode ray tube comprises a vessel shaped control electrode with a bore therein for passage of the electron beam and a hat shaped metal foil element with its crown in the bore and apertured for the passage of the electron beam and fixed to the edge of the bore by its brim.

Abstract: A method of producing coherent mode radiation comprises passing direct currents through a pair of injection lasers optically coupled together but controllable separately, one laser of good optical quality (O-factor) and spectral purity being excited above its threshold and the other laser having a lower optical quality and having a modulated current superimposed on its dc current. An arrangement suitable for carrying out such a method is also provided.

Abstract: An amplifier whose transmission factor is to be controlled as a function of a control voltage and including an amplifier member having a negating input, connected to have its impedance varied by the control voltage and an electronically controllable variable impedance having one side connected to the amplifier member output, a second impedance connected between the other side of the first impedance and ground, and a switch assembly for switching the connections within the amplifier between two operating states providing mutually complementary control characteristics, the amplifier member output providing the amplifier output in one operating state and being connected to the negating input in the other operating state, and the point of connection between the impedances being connected to the negating input in the one operating state and providing the amplifier output in the other operating state.

Abstract: In a rectangular aperture mask unit for a color television picture tube composed of a thin metal sheet presenting a mask region of generally rectangular form and a peripheral flange surrounding the mask region and extending at an angle thereto, and a metal frame enclosed by the flange in a telescoping manner and fastened thereto by a plurality of spot welds distributed around the periphery of the flange, the flange is provided, at each corner of the unit, with two spaced cutouts extending from the edge of the flange remote from the mask region and defining a tongue which is curved in the direction of the periphery of the flange, the length of the cutouts being equal to at least one-half the height of the flange, and each tongue is fastened to the frame by at least one spot weld.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image carrier is made by depositing an intermediate layer on an electrically conductive substrate and then vapor-depositing, on the intermediate layer, an inorganic photoconductive layer while maintaining the temperature of the substrate during the deposition of the photoconductive layer at a value which is above the melting point of the intermediate layer, but below the damaging temperature of the photoconductive layer.

Abstract: The device for irradiating liquid and pasty substances with high energy electrons in order to pasteurize or sterilize the irradiated substances and to enrich them with one or more additives, comprises a pair of cylindrical circulation members rotatably mounted in said housing and having radially extending helical blades. The members are located in a housing which has the shape of a solid figure eight formed of two tubes connected together and the walls of the housing conform to the path of the movement of the radial tips of the blades with a close clearance. The housing has an inlet for the substances to be irradiated at one end, and an outlet at the other end of the housing which is located between the axes of the rotatable members. The top of the housing has an irradiation opening between the axes of the circulation members and an electron deflecting horn of an electron beam radiating means has an electron accelerator disposed over the irradiation opening for directing a sweeping electron beam thereover.

Abstract: A reference source for producing a current independent of temperature comprises a constant current source which feeds two parallel connected current branches each including a Zener diode of a different Zener voltage, one or more diodes driven in the forward direction in the branches, a transistor forming part of a current mirror circuit and having an output voltage across its collector-emitter path substantially determined by the difference in the Zener voltages, and a transistor circuit to which the output voltage of the above transistor is fed. The transistors of the transistor circuit and the diodes are selected so as to render the output current of the reference source independent of temperature with the assistance of the current mirror circuit.

Abstract: A gas diffusion electrode for electrochemical cells with acid electrolytes, comprises a hydrophobic layer of gas permeable electrically conductive material having up to 0.2 mm of thickness and having pores with a most frequent pore diameter of about 1.8 microns, and a hydrophilic layer containing a catalyst which is closely bonded to the hydrophobic layer. The hydrophilic layer has pores with a most frequent pore diameter of 0.08 microns.

Abstract: In order to automatically position a ship which is subjected to external disturbance forces and which is provided with propulsion units arranged to orient the ship in the direction of the resultant of such disturbance forces, there is derived a representation of a control value from the sum of the representations of the actual transverse forces acting on the ship, the control value representation is compared with a representation of a given nominal value, and the control value is brought to zero on the basis of the result of such comparison.