Abstract: A microwave combining filter arrangement including circulators for connecting a plurality of transmitters and receivers to a common antenna wherein the circulators are all three-arm circulators which are connected in cascade and the transmitters and the receivers are alternatingly connected to the circulator chain.

Abstract: A method of alignment of two parts comprises separating the two parts and producing images of the separated parts, breaking down the images into image points with a spacing smaller than the required accuracy, digitalizing the information content of the image points and comparing the actual position of the parts, taking into account the initial separation, and moving the two parts, into alignment from the results of the comparison.

Abstract: In a tuning circuit the reception frequency is measured by counting the oscillations of the heterodyne oscillator, taking the intermediate frequency into account. The result of measurement is compared with a selected value. The tuning operation is controlled in accordance with the result of comparison and further in accordance with the tuning voltage in a manner to reduce non-linearities in the rate of tuning controlled by the tuning voltage.

Abstract: A method for transmitting video signals by differential pulse code modulation employing an adjustable quantizer which can be switched between different quantizing characteristics, by deriving the control criterion for switching the quantizer from the quantized prediction errors based on picture elements adjacent the picture element being quantized, providing the quantizer with a large number of available quantizing representative levels and employing a selected number of those levels, less than the total available, for each quantizing characteristic, and, omitting those representative quantizing levels of the quantizer, for which the spacing between the representative levels is less than twice the associated maximum permissible quantizing error belonging to the respective quantized prediction errors and providing representative levels at the outer ends of the quantizing characteristic instead of the omitted levels.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an integrated circuit including an analog circuit and an I.sup.2 L circuit which both contain NPN transistors on a P-type semiconductor chip in which the method includes an N.sup.+ diffusion step for producing a flat diffusion for certain NPN transistors having smaller penetration depth than N.sup.+ regions of the other NPN transistors for connection of an emitter electrode to the said certain NPN transistors.

Abstract: A tuning circuit for tuning a high frequency receiving apparatus with residual sideband modulation, especially a television receiver, with a counter for forming encoded values of tuning voltage, with a store for the digital storing of the encoded values of tuning voltage, with a D/A converter for generating the analog tuning voltages from the encoded values and with a circuit for automatic fine tuning to the required position of a received transmitter. In such tuning circuit means are provided which so alter the value of the tuning voltage before or during writing into the store or after or during reading out from the store that this value corresponds not to the required tuning position but to a tuning position shifted into the fully transmitted sideband. The exact tuning ot the transmitter to the required position is effected by the circuit for fine tuning.

Abstract: A gate turn-off thyristor device including a gate turn-off main thyristor and a gate turn-off auxiliary thyristor, each having an emitter, a control base, a main base and a counter-emitter, integrated in a semiconductor body including three zones of alternatingly opposite conductivity type. The three zones of the semiconductor body are each divided into two regions to provide the counter-emitter, main base and control base zones of the two thyristors, while the emitter zones of the main thyristor and of the auxiliary thyristor are separate zones formed in the respective associated regions constituting the control base zones of the respective thyristors.

Abstract: The counting circuit is particularly useful in a high-frequency superhet receiver including IF filters, such as ceramic filters, available as completed units having definite, pre-aligned IF values, and is of the type in which the oscillations of an AM or FM local oscillator, the frequency of which differs from that of the received signal by the frequency of the IF stage of the receiver, are counted periodically by an electronic counter with each such count taking place within a predetermined gate time. In such a counting circuit, during the counting operation, a number of oscillations correspondng to a predetermined fixed number of oscillations occurring at the IF of the receiver is either subtracted from or added to the oscillations of the AM or FM oscillator so that the count of the counter indicates the incoming frequency or received channel.

Abstract: A compander system is described, in which the `compression` and `expansion` modes are established by the selective use of a compression or expansion circuit as such or as a negative feed-back branch for a back-coupled amplifier.

Abstract: The method uses a computer which, in accordance with a function based on either time or distance of deceleration, delivers speed values to a control apparatus for the braking force of the vehicle. The control apparatus is utilized to deliver correcting control signals for correcting the braking forces, and a fixed braking force control signal is provided and has a magnitude which is rated for a braking which is accurate as to the deceleration distance under conditions of an ideal track and an average train length, as when the rail-guided vehicles are locomotive-drawn railroad trains. The correcting control signals are combined, after a first time delay and in the correct mathematical polarity, or relationship, to the fixed braking force control signal. Upon actuation of the vehicle brake, only the fixed braking force control signal is applied and the computer is actuated for picking up and storing the actual speed at this instant.

Abstract: An assembly composed of a disc-shaped semiconductor component mounted on a support disc and disposed in an annular housing, with the support disc being clamped between two contacting discs of larger diameter than the support disc and serving as electrode contacts, the housing being of an elastomer material and having a passage whose diameter, when the housing is unstressed, is smaller than the diameters of the contacting discs, and the unit formed by the contacting discs with the support disc clamped therebetween being pressed into the passage in the housing so that the housing keeps the contacting discs pressed against the support disc and hermetically seals the space between the contacting discs.

Abstract: A method for preventing the development of cracks below seams during the plating and welding of material by employing a heat source for producing local heating of the regions of the material adjacent the welding zone.

Abstract: In an electronic control device for electric ranges having a plurality of individual heat settings to selectively energize a heating element of the range under the control of a digital input to produce switching pulses having different on-off ratios, each heat setting has an associated time controlled constant power period in the start-cooking or roasting range, and in the subsequent finish-cooking range there are produced switch-on and switch-off pulses having a constant time pattern at every heat setting, while the time duration of the constant power period and the duration of the switch-on pulses in the finish-cooking range are different from one heat setting to another.

Abstract: The transmitter has a carrier control and includes an exciter for supplying the carrier voltage to a modulation stage, usually the final RF-power amplifier of a broadcast transmitter, with the modulation voltage having a controlled dc content. The modulation voltage is amplified in a modulation amplifier and the amplified modulation voltage is supplied to the modulation stage. The modulation amplifier includes a switching amplifier producing pulse duration modulated pulses, a modulation voltage controlled pulse duration modulator preceding the switching amplifier and a filter section following the switching amplifier. An adder element is connected in advance of the modulation amplifier, specifically in advance of the modulation voltage-controlled pulse duration modulator.

Abstract: A transition device for connecting a coaxial cable to an integrated microwave circuit (MIC) composed of planar lines disposed on a substrate, the device being composed of a coaxial connector having a protruding inner conductor, a tuning screw disposed to form a variable capacitor with the protruding conductor of the coaxial connector and arranged to be adjusted to control the electrical parameters of the device, an intermediate dielectric carrier carrying a planar intermediate line connected to the inner conductor of the connector, the intermediate carrier forming a fixed unit with the coaxial connector and being disposed between the connector and the (MIC) substrate, a housing supporting the fixed unit and the substrate, and two metal bands connecting together the planar intermediate line and the planar line of the microwave circuit and the bottom metallization.

Abstract: A window discriminator or voltage range sensor has an input for receiving a d.c. voltage to be sensed and an output for providing a signal when the voltage at the sensor input falls within a predetermined range. The sensor employs a differential switch which has first and second inputs and an output which is coupled to the sensor output. A biasing arrangement is coupled with the first input and is adapted to provide a bias voltage which is substantially independent of the voltage at the sensor input. A circuit is coupled between the sensor input and the second input to the differential switch and is arranged to provide at the second input a voltage related to the sensor input voltage, which voltage effects switching of the differential switch to one state when the d.c. input voltage reaches a predetermined lower level and to the other state when the voltage reaches a level determined by the bias voltage.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement of luminescence diodes with a minimum of control lines. The circuit arrangement comprises two current branches each having a plurality of luminescence semiconductor components with forward/reverse characteristics connected in series in the same polarity, the components in each branch having opposite polarities and control lines each connected to one side of at least one component.

Abstract: A circuit for optional dynamic compression or expansion, with one amplifier located in the useful signal path and controllable in amplification, and an auxiliary branch including one amplifier controllable in amplification and a control voltage generator, to the input of which a useful signal path is connected and the output voltage of which serves to control the controllable amplification in the useful signal path and in the auxiliary branch, and wherein as adjusting members for controlling the amplification of the controllable amplifiers there serve field effect transistors to the control electrodes of which respective direct control voltages are applied. In parallel with the source-sink path of one field effect transistor serving as adjusting member for an amplifier located in the useful signal path there is connected a voltage divider the tapping of which is connected via a separating amplifier to the control electrode of the field effect transistor.

Abstract: Arrangement for regulating the output power of a semiconductor laser for a data transmission system including a light conductive fiber through which the laser power is transmitted and a photodiode which is responsive to light energy produced by the laser and whose output signal is utilized, possibly after appropriate amplification, to regulate the laser current. The photodiode is a thin-film photodiode which is transparent for the light frequencies to be transmitted via the light conductive fiber and is inserted in the light-conductive fiber used to transmit the signals.

Abstract: A method of, and device for transmitting a pulse-duration modulated signal wherein information is contained in the position of pulse edges in the signal comprising, amplitude modulating a first carrier oscillation with the pulse duration modulated signal to form a first carrier frequency pulse train wherein the pulse duration does not always correspond to an integral number of carrier oscillation periods, and amplitude modulating a second carrier oscillation with the pulse duration modulated signal in phase opposition to the modulation of the first carrier oscillation to form a second carrier frequency pulse train wherein the pulse duration does not always correspond to an integral number of carrier oscillation periods, the start of the first and second carrier oscillations by the pulse duration modulated signal being in phase with each other, and the end of one of the first and second carrier oscillations being separated from the start of the other of the first and second carrier oscillations to prevent a di