Abstract: The process of making an aqueous alkaline solution containing alkali hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide and having an alkali hydroxide/H.sub.2 O.sub.2 molar ratio of 0.5 to 2.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process in which a phosphate layer is formed on a metal surface in preparation for the subsequent application of a vitreous enamel coating, wherein a phosphating solution is used which contains essentially nickel and/or cobalt as a layer-forming cation in amounts of 0.5 to 3 g/l as well as5 to 20 g/l phosphate (calculated as P.sub.2 O.sub.5),0.1 to 0.5 g/l molybdate (calculated as MoO.sub.3),0.2 to 2 g/l fluoride (calculated as F),1 to 10 g/l nitrate (calculated as NO.sub.3),and optionally also 0.1 to 5 g/l urea.It is particularly desirable to use essentially zinc-free phosphating solutions at temperatures preferably of 60.degree. to 70.degree. C. for 2 to 12 minutes to form a phosphate layer having a coating weight of 1.0 to 2.0 g/m.sup.2.

Abstract: The anode comprises a substantially horizontal carrying bar, which is disposed outside the electrolyte and serves to supply electric current. Two substantially parallel metal surfaces (anode grids) are electrically conductively connected to the carrying bar and with at least one-half of their surface extending into the electrolyte. The carrying bar comprises a copper conductor, to which at least one vertical copper rod is joined. There is a direct electrically conducting connection between the copper conductor and the copper rod. The copper rod is surrounded by a titanium sheath and is an interference fit in that sheath. The copper rod provided with the titanium sheath is disposed between the two anode grids and is electrically conductively connected to said grids.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor is supplied with fuel, oxygen-containing gas, and kaolinite, which contains water of crystallization. At least 80% by weight of the kaolinite have particle sizes in the range from 0.1 to 3 mm. A fluidized bed at temperatures in the range from 850.degree. to 950.degree. C. is formed in the fluidized bed reactor. A meta-kaolin white pigment which contains water of crystallization not in excess of 2% by weight is withdrawn from the fluidized bed reactor.

Abstract: This invention describes a method of reprocessing zinc- and iron oxide-containing residual material. Zinc- and iron oxide-containing dust and/or sludge is granulated with water, granules and carbonaceous material are fed to a circulating fluidized bed system, the gas-solids suspension circulated in the circulating fluidized bed system is fed to a second fluidized bed reactor, the solids discharged from the second fluidized bed reactor are recycled to the reactor of the circulating fluidized bed system, 50 to 75% by volume of the oxygen required to gasify the carbonaceous material are fed as fluidizing gas to the reactor of the circulating fluidized bed system and 25 to 50% by volume of said required oxygen are fed as a fluidizing gas and secondary gas to the second fluidized bed reactor, iron oxide-containing material is discharged from the reactor of the circulating fluidized bed system and zinc-containing material is discharged with the exhaust gas from the circulating fluidized bed system.

Abstract: The ammonium polysulfide is produced in at least one electrochemical cell, to which an aqueous ammonium sulfide solution is supplied as electrolyte. The cell comprises an anode, a gas diffusion cathode, and between the anode and the cathode an electrolyte chamber, where the cell voltage is 0.01 to 5V. The cathode has an electrically conductive, gas-permeable carbon layer, over which flows gas containing free oxygen, and which is in contact with the electrolyte. O.sub.2 -containing gas is introduced into the electrolyte chamber, thereby forming hydroperoxide anions (OOH.sup.-) in the electrolyte chamber. From the electrolyte chamber a solution containing ammonium polysulfide and a residual gas are withdrawn.

Abstract: In addition to ash and coke, the gasification residue contains alkaline earth metal sulfide and alkaline earth metal oxide because desulfuring agents have been supplied to the gasifier. At temperatures from 5.degree. to 80.degree. C. the gasification residue is mixed with an acid-containing aqueous solution so that a gas which is rich in H.sub.2 S is produced. Ash, coke, and alkaline earth metal salt are supplied to a flotation zone, in which coke is separated. A solid residue which contains ash and alkaline earth metal salt is withdrawn from the flotation zone. Carbonic acid or dilute sulfuric acid is preferably used as an acid.

Abstract: From a synthesis gas which contains hydrogen and carbon oxides, methanol is produced on copper-containing catalysts under pressures in the range from 20 to 20 bars and at temperatures in the range from 200 to 350.degree. C. The synthesis gas is passed through a first synthesis reactor, which consists of a shaft reactor and contains a fixed bed of a copper-containing catalyst. The reaction in the shaft reactor is carried out adiabatically and without a recycling of synthesis gas. Together with recycle gas, the gas mixture which has not been reacted in the first synthesis reactor is passed through a second synthesis reactor, which contains a copper-containing catalyst, which is disposed in tubes and is indirectly cooled through boiling water. 10 to 30% of the carbon oxides of the synthesis gas are reacted in the shaft reactor to form methanol.

Abstract: A delustering composition for acetyl cellulose fibers is described which contains 15 to 85% by weight TiO.sub.2, 15 to 85% by weight paraffin oil and 0.5 to 10% by weight dispersing agent. Furthermore, a method for producing the delustering composition and also the use thereof for delustering acetyl cellulose fibers is described. Finally, the use of the delustered acetyl cellulose fibers in the production of cigarette filters and textile products is described.

Abstract: The process for separating toxic organic substances from a dust-containing exhaust gas from a sintering process, particularly a process of sintering iron ore, includes bringing the entire exhaust gas from a sintering conveyor into contact with clays, layer silicate, and diatomaceous earth or mixtures thereof within a gas-solids suspension for a reaction time of from 0.5 to 10 seconds above the dew point at a temperature from 90.degree. to 180.degree. C. and at a velocity from 6 to 200 meters per second. The median particle diameter, d.sub.50, of the solid adsorption agent in the gas-solids suspension is from 5 to 100 micrometers and the mean suspension density of the gas-solids suspension is from 5 to 500 g solids per sm.sup.3 exhaust gas. The dust and other solids are subsequently jointly separated from the gas-solids suspension, and part of the separated solids is again contacted with the exhaust gas from the sintering conveyor. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also described.

Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of cesium salts from cesium-aluminum-alum in a process in which the cesium-aluminum-alum is reacted in a single vessel in the presence of water with calcium hydroxide in an amount which is equimolar to the amount of aluminum and with a readily water-soluble calcium salt in an amount which is equimolar to the amount of cesium and the precipitated aluminum hydroxide and the precipitated calcium sulfate are separated by filtration or centrifugation.

Abstract: The method of making a high density saline cesium and rubidium solution includes comminuting uncalcined pollucite and/or calcined lepidolite to a grain size of less than 0.1 mm; combining the comminuted material in the presence of water with Ca(OH).sub.2 at a mol ratio of SiO.sub.2 to CaO of not less than 1:2; hydro-thermally decomposing at a temperature of 200.degree. to 280.degree. C.

Abstract: Disclosed is a lubricant carrier salt for facilitating the cold forming of a workpiece of iron or steel, based on boric acid and/or alkali borate. The salt has an additional content of aliphatic di- or tricarboxylic acid, which either is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one hydroxyl group, and/or of alkali salts thereof, the weight ratio of boric acid/alkali borate to the acid is (5 to 15):1. Especially appropriate carboxylic acids are malonic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid and/or citric acid.Inorganic or organic thickening agents, such as bentonite and/or polysaccharide, aluminate and/or silicate, dispersants, lubricants and/or antioxidants as well as titanium salt can be contained as additional components in the lubricant carrier salt of the invention.

Abstract: The biomass, particularly lump wood, is supplied to a shaft reactor at its top and is initially preheated to temperatures of about 150.degree. to 280.degree. C. and dried by a counterflowing hot gas. This is followed by a treatment in an underlying carbonizing zone, the upper portion of which is supplied with hot purging gas at a temperature of 250.degree. to 600.degree. C. The hot purging gas flows downwardly through the carbonizing zone co-currently with the wood. A gas mixture which contains purging gas and gas produced by carbonization is withdrawn from the lower portion of the carbonizing zone and is at least in part combusted outside the shaft reactor to produce a combustion gas, which is used at least in part as hot purging gas.

Abstract: The process purifies exhaust gas produced by combustion of waste materials including garbage, industrial wastes and/or sewage sludge. The exhaust gas is contaminated particularly with dust, SO.sub.2, HCl, HF, Hg, mercury compounds, and dioxins and furans and can be expected to have an oxygen content. In the process, the exhaust gas is treated in a spray absorber with a suspension of Ca(OH).sub.2 ; the exhaust gas is subsequently filtered in two successive filteration stages; the exhaust gas leaving the first filtering stage still has an SO.sub.2 content of from 20 to 500 mg/sm.sup.3 ; activated carbon, preferably hearth furnace coke, is introduced into the exhaust gas stream before the second filtering stage; and the exhaust gas is finally scrubbed with a mixture which contains water and NaOH, Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3, Ca(OH).sub.2 and CaCO.sub.3 in a dissolved or suspended state.

Abstract: The method of making the stable non-pyrophoric solution containing a lithium diorganoamide of the formula, LiNR'R" wherein R' and R" each have from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in an inert liquid hydrocarbon solvent includes mixing a secondary amine including the R' and R" groups and an alcohol having 3 to 6 carbon atoms with a lithium granulate or powder in the hydrocarbon solvent and reacting the secondary amine, the alcohol and the lithium with addition of an electron acceptor compound, advantageously styrene or isobutene, to form the stable non-pyrophoric solution containing the lithium diorganoamide and a lithium alkoxide having 3 to 6 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for enzymatically degumming vegetable oil where the vegetable oil to be degummed is adjusted to a pH from 3 to 6 and is mixed with an aqueous enzyme solution, which contains one of the enzymes phospholipase A1, A2 or B. In a degumming reactor the enzymes are permitted to act on the oil at temperatures from 20.degree. to 90.degree. C. with stirring. Before or after a separation of the degummed oil a separation promoter or a solubilizer is added at temperatures from 20.degree. to 90.degree. C. to the liquid which has been withdrawn from the degumming reactor. A substantially sludgefree solution, which contains used enymes, is thus recovered and is recycled at least in part to a location preceding the degumming rector. The content of recycled used enzymes in the total amount of the enzymes dispersed in the oil is at least 10%.

Abstract: The wax ester is prepared from a liquid mixture which contains at least one fatty acid and at least one fatty alcohol. The fatty acid and the fatty alcohol contain 6 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule. The mixture is agitated at temperatures in the range from about 105.degree.to 300.degree. C. and is sprayed into a spraying zone. An atmosphere which contains water vapor is formed in the spraying zone and is removed at least in part. The mixture of fatty acid and fatty alcohol may be agitated in at least one stirred vessel preceding the spraying zone. A catalyst is preferably not added.

Abstract: In order to effect a reduction and a carburization to form Fe.sub.3 C to the highest possible degree in a relatively short time in an economical process, a treatment in two stages is effected in fluidized beds. The first stage is effected in a circulating fluidized bed system, in which the amount of solids circulated per hour is at least five times the weight of solids contained in the fluidized bed reactor and a major part of the iron content of the charge is pre-reduced. The remaining reduction and the partial or complete conversion to Fe.sub.3 C are effected in the second stage in a conventional fluidized bed. Water is condensed from the exhaust gas from the circulating fluidized bed system and that gas is strengthened by an addition of reducing gases and is reheated to the temperature which is required for the process.

Abstract: The hot raw gas, which contains slag droplets is conducted downwardly in an entrance chamber of a slag separator through a first bed of packings into a flow-deflecting space, in which the raw gas is upwardly deflected and then flows upwardly in an exit chamber through a second bed of packings to a gas outlet. The effective velocity of flow of the raw gas in the first bed is 1.5 to 10 times its effective velocity of flow in the second bed. Liquid slag is drained from the flow-deflecting space.