Abstract: Disclosed is a composition of about 20 to about 80 wt % benzotrifluoride and about −20 to about 80 wt % trichloroethylene. Up to about 1 wt % of a stabilizer for the trichloroethylene can be included in the composition.

Abstract: A method of making an article from polyvinyl chloride compound that has a predetermined amount of gloss is disclosed. Samples of the resin are prepared that have different molecular weight distributions. Articles are made from the samples and the gloss of the articles is measured. The relationship between the molecular weight distributions of the samples and the gloss of the articles made therefrom is determined. From that relationship, an article is made from a resin selected such that its molecular weight distribution corresponds to the predetermined amount of gloss.

Abstract: A method of preparing a sterile article is disclosed. A polymer having a halogen-containing repeating unit is prepared that contains about 0.

Abstract: Disclosed are amorphous precipitated silicas, silica gels, and amorphous carbons derived from biomass and methods of producing them with and without adhered or deposited amorphous carbons produced by acidifying a caustic silicate solution produced by caustic digestion of biomass ash containing silica with and without activated carbon, the ash being obtained from thermal pyrolysis of the biomass, the acidifying effective to produce a slurry of the precipitated silica and silica gels with and without adhered or deposited amorphous carbon, and separated from the slurry the precipitated silicas and silica gels with and without the adhered or deposited amorphous carbons. The properties of the precipitated silica with adhered or deposited carbon being within the range as utilized in rubber compositions thereby avoiding the blending of silica and carbon components for such use.

Abstract: A method of making a benzoyl halide is disclosed. Into a reactor is placed a reaction mixture of a benzotrihalide and a benzaldehyde having the respective general formulas where each A is independently selected from halogen, CF3, R, or OR, each B is independently selected from halogen, CF3, or R, R is alkyl from C1 to C10 or aryl from C6 to C12, each X is independently selected from Cl and Br, m is 0 to 3, and n is 0 to 2. Also added is at least about 10 ppm of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of zinc salts and copper salts, and an optional solvent. The addition of an ammonium halide to the product mixture forms the corresponding amide, which can be dehydrated to form the corresponding nitrile.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of inhibiting the discoloration of a halogen-containing polymer, particularly poly(vinyl chloride), after exposure to gamma radiation. About 0.0001 to about 5 wt % of a dithiocarbamate or a dithiophosphate stabilizer is added to the polymer. The stabilizer can be added during polymerization or during compounding. Also disclosed is a composition of a halogen-containing polymer and a dithiocarbamate or dithiophosphate stabilizer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of isolating the aromatic product formed when a substrate having the general formula is dehalogenated, forming a product mixture of copper salts and aromatic product, where X is the halogen removed from the substrate to form the aromatic product, R′ is COOH, COOR, COR, CN, COH(R)2, or SO3H, each R″ is independently selected from halogen, R, or OR or two vicinal R″ groups form one or more fused aromatic rings, R is alkyl from C1 to C18 or aryl from C6 to C18, and n is 1 to 4. Water in an amount about 1 to about 5 times the amount of the substrate is added to the product mixture, forming an organic phase that contains the aromatic product and an aqueous phase that contains the copper salts. If the density of the organic phase differs from the density of said aqueous phase by less than 0.1 g/cc, a suitable solvent is added to the product mixture in an amount sufficient to increase the differences between the organic and aqueous phases to at least 0.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of inhibiting the formation of scale on reactor surfaces in contact with a polymerizing vinyl monomer comprising contacting said monomer with a terpolymer which comprises the condensation reaction product of (A) an aromatic compound that contains the group where Q is OR or SR and R is hydrogen, alkyl from C1 to C15, or aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl from C6 to C15: (B) about 0.1 to about 10 moles of a carbonyl compound per mole of said aromatic compound; and (C) about 0.1 to about 10 moles of a thiourea per mole of said aromatic compound.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of separating the meta isomer of a haloalkylbenzene having the general formula from a mixture with at least one other isomer, where X is Cl or Br and R is alkyl from C2 to C12 or cycloalkyl from C3 to C8. About 0.0001 to about 5 wt % of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst is added to the mixture and the mixture is exposed to a brominating agent which preferentially brominates the meta isomer. The mixture is then heated at a temperature above the boiling point of the other isomers but below the boiling point of the brominated meta isomer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an agitator assembly which comprises an agitator and means for mounting the agitator assembly on top of a tank. The agitator comprises a shaft, a propeller fixed to one end of the shaft, and means for rotating the shaft to provide an axial discharge from the propeller of at least 4.0 m/sec with a flow equivalent of at least 0.2 tank volumes/minute. The agitator is mounted on top of the tank so that the shaft enters the tank at an angle a to the longitudinal axis of the tank of between about 30 and about 60 degrees and at an angle &bgr; to the transverse vertical axis of the tank of less than about 50 degrees. Also disclosed is a method of shipping solids that are soluble in a solvent. The solids are placed in a tank on which the agitator assembly has been mounted. The quantity of solids placed in the tank exceeds the amount that will dissolve when the tank is filled with the solvent. The tank is transported to the location where the solids are to be removed from the tank.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of polymerizing vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride monomer. A mixture is prepared of (1) a monomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and mixtures thereof with up to about 20 wt % of a comonomer, (2) supercritical carbon dioxide, subcritical carbon dioxide, or liquid carbon dioxide in a weight ratio to the monomer of about 0.5 to about 5; and (3) about 0.1 to about 1 phr of a free radical initiator that is soluble in said supercritical carbon dioxide or a solution of said a free radical initiator in a solvent that is miscible with the carbon dioxide. The mixture is heated to a temperature of about 40 to about 70° C. to polymerize the monomer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of halogenating the ring of an aromatic compound. The aromatic compound is contacted with a halogenating agent in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst is the calcination reaction product of: (A) 51 to 99 wt % of a support which comprises at least one inorganic oxide or hydroxide of at least one metal that is at least divalent and forms a metal-to-oxygen matrix during calcination; and (B) 1 to 49 wt % of at least one dopant which comprises a compound that places an element that is at least divalent, bonded to oxygen atoms, into said matrix during said calcination, resulting in the formation of an acidic solid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of increasing the percentage of certain isomers made when di or tri-substituted benzenes are chlorinated in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. The use of about 0.001 to about 1 wt % a cocatalyst during chlorination alters the isomeric ratio of the product mixture. In particular, the percentage of the 2,5-isomer is increased when said substituted benzene is ortho or meta-substituted, the percentage of the 3,4-isomer is increased when said substituted benzene is para-substituted, and the percentage of the 2,4,5-isomer is increased when said substituted benzene is 2,4-disubstituted, 3,4-disubstituted, or 2,5-disubstituted.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making an &agr;-chloro-&agr;,&agr;-difluoro aromatic compound. An &agr;,&agr;,&agr;-trichloro aromatic compound having the general formula where Y is C or N, R is halogen, R′, amino, NHR′, NR′2, OR′, OCF3, or nitro, R′ is alkyl from C1 to C10, n is 1, 2, or 3, and m is 0 to 5, is reacted with about 0.7 to about 1.4 equivalents of hydrogen fluoride per chlorine to be replaced, in the presence of about 0.001 to about 1.5 wt %, based on wt % of said &agr;,&agr;,&agr;-trichloro aromatic compound, of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of oxides of Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Sb, and Bi, MoOqXr, (M)pMos+tO3s+4t, (M)pVO3, (M)pVO5, WOqXr, (M)pWs+tO3s+4t, and mixtures thereof, where M is a cation, X is amine, phosphine, carboxylate, or ketone, p is the negative of the valence of the anion times the inverse of the valence of M, q is 0 to 3, r is 0 to 6, and s is 0 to 4, and t is 1 to 5.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer using a catalyst having the general formula where L is a ligand covalently bonded to the cobalt atom, each D is independently selected from donor ligands, R is hydrogen, hydrocarbon from C1 to C30, or hydrohalocarbon from C1 to C30, and X− is an anion. The catalyst is activated by the addition of an acid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polyimidesiloxane adhesive made by reacting in a solution of an organic solvent a dianhydride selected from the group consisting of biphenyl dianhydride and oxydiphthalic anhydride with an approximately stoichiometric amount of a diamine. The diamine is a mixture of about 5 to about 30 mole % of a siloxane-containing diamine and about 70 to about 95 mole % of a non-siloxane containing diamine. The non-siloxane containing diamine is a mixture of about 10 to about 90 mole % each of at least two of the diamines 2,2-bis(4[4-aminophenoxy]phenyl) propane, &agr;,&agr;′-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene, 3,3′-diaminophenylsulfone, and 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene. The adhesive can be made into one, two, and three-layer tapes (or dispensed in other ways) which have a high Tg and a relatively low bonding temperature.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of adding 1 to 4 chlorine or bromine atoms to an aromatic ring of compound that has at least one electron-withdrawing groups on that ring. The aromatic compound is reacted with a chlorinating agent or a brominating agent in the presence of about 0.1 to about 10 mole % of a Lewis acid catalyst at a temperature of ambient to about 100° C. and a pressure of about 10 to about 100 psig.

Abstract: Disclosed is a stable gel-like slurry having a pH of about 6.5 to about 8.5 which is a mixture of water and about 20 to about 50 wt % sodium cyanurate. Also disclosed is a method of making a water-monosodium cyanurate hydrate gel-like slurry. A slurry is formed in water of about 20 to about 50 wt % cyanuric acid. Sodium hydroxide is added to the slurry in an amount of about 90 to about 100% of stoichiometric over a period of about 40 minutes. Water can be disinfected by adding to the water an amount of water-monosodium cyanuric hydrate gel-like slurry according to this invention equivalent to a concentration of cyanuric acid in the water of about 25 to about 150 ppm and an amount of a source of chlorine sufficient to maintain a concentration of chlorine in the water between about 0.1 and about 5.0 ppm.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of removing about 0.05 to about 20 mole % of a benzaldehyde or benzotrihalide from a mixture with a liquid compound that boils within about −10 to about ±5° C. of the boiling point of the benzaldehyde or benzotrihalide. To the mixture is added a benzotrihalide in an amount about stoichiometric to about 10 mole % in excess of stoichiometric, or, respectively, a benzaldehyde in an amount about stoichiometric with the amount of said benzotrihalide, where said benzaldehyde and said benzotrichloride react to form a benzalhalide and a benzoylhalide. The product mixture is distilled to isolate the products.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making 3,5-dichloro-p-toluoyl chloride. A mixture is prepared of methyl-3,5-dichloro-4-methylbenzoate, about 1 to about 1.4 equivalents of an &agr;,&agr;,&agr;-trichloromethylbenzene, and about 0.01 to about 0.2 equivalents of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of ammonium septamolybdate, ammonium dimolybdate, and mixtures thereof. The mixture is heated to a temperature of about 150 to about 180° C.