Abstract: A process for the para-directed nuclear chlorination of an alkylbenzene, such as toluene, comprises reacting the alkylbenzene with chlorine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst and a novel co-catalyst of the formula: ##STR1## where Z is ##STR2## ; and R is Cl, Br, F, C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 alkyl to C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 alkoxy; x and y are each hydrogen, or taken together form a fused cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring; n is 0, 1 or 2, with the proviso that when Z is [3], n is 0 or 1.

Abstract: 3,4,6-trifluorophthalic acid is prepared in high yield by reaction of a 3,4,6-trichloro-N-substituted phthalimide with potassium fluoride at temperatures in the range of 200.degree. to 270.degree. C. in the absence of a catalyst to form the corresponding trifluoro-N-substituted phthalimide which, in turn, is hydrolyzed to form the 3,4,6-trifluorophthalic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst having the general formula ##STR1## where Q is a ligand containing the ring ##STR2## R is hydrogen, N(R').sub.2, OR', or R', each R' is independently selected from alkyl from C.sub.1 to C.sub.10, aryl from C.sub.6 to C.sub.15, alkaryl C.sub.7 to C.sub.15, and aralkyl from C.sub.7 to C.sub.15, each X is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy from C.sub.1 to C.sub.10, dialkylamino from C.sub.1 to C.sub.10, methyl, ##STR3## each R.sub.1 is independently selected from halogen, alkoxy from C.sub.1 to C.sub.10, and R', L is ##STR4## Q, or X, where L can be bridged to Q, B is an optional base, "n" is 0 to 5, and M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of forming a polyimide coating in a pattern on a surface. A first solution is prepared of an organic solvent, and diamine and dianhydride monomers. The monomers are polymerized to form a polyamic acid that is soluble in the organic solvent. About 10 to about 95% of the amic acid groups in the polyamic acid are imidized, forming a partially imidized polyamic acid. A more concentrated solution of the partially imidized polyamic acid is prepared and about 0.1 to about 10 wt % of a thixotrope is mixed with the more concentrated solution to form a paste. A template is placed over the surface and the paste is forced through the template onto the surface. The solvent is evaporated and the partially imidized polyamic acid on the surface is fully imidized.

Abstract: Disclosed is an azametallocene polymerization catalyst having the general formula ##STR1## where L is a ligand, or mixture of ligands, each having 4 to 30 carbon atoms and containing at least two fused rings, one of which is a pyrrolyl ring, Cp is a ligand containing a cyclopentadienyl group, B is a Lewis acid, Y is a halogen, alkoxy from C.sub.1 to C.sub.20, siloxy from C.sub.1 to C.sub.20, or mixtures thereof, M is titanium, zirconium, or mixtures thereof, m is 1 to 4, and n is 0 to 2, p is 0 to 2, q is 0 to 1, and m+n+q=4. The catalyst is useful in polymerizing unsaturated olefinic monomers such as ethylene.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for making orthorhombic Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 containing less than 0.1 ppm chromium from a solution of Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 containing 0.1 to 100 ppm Cr(III). The Cr(III) is oxidized to Cr(VI) at a pH greater than 7, water is evaporated from the solution to precipitate the orthorhombic Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, and the precipitated orthorhombic Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 is separated from the solution.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method of in-service cleaning an operating column by inserting into the column a lance through which a compatible liquid is dispensed at a pressure of at least about 5000 psig. Also disclosed is apparatus which comprises a column through which a fluid can pass, nozzles mounted on the outside of the column, where each nozzle comprises a flange welded to the column and a valve bolted to the flange, a lance which can be inserted through the nozzles into the column and means for dispensing a liquid through the lance at a pressure of at least about 5000 psig.

Abstract: Crude mixtures of dioxydiphthalic anhydride containing alkali metal salts are purified by treating the crude mixture with an alkanol, such as n-butanol, to form the dioxydiphthalic acid diester; removing the insoluble alkali metal salts by filtration; removing the excess alkanol; and reconverting the dioxydiphthalic acid diester to dioxydiphthalic anhydride.

Abstract: Disclosed is a valve having (A) a valve body with an aperture therethrough, a threaded tap crossing the aperture and opening to only one side of the valve body, (B) a tap screw having a head of larger diameter adopted to screw into the threaded tap, where the tap screw has a hole therethrough which aligns with the aperture when the valve is in an opened position and which is at a substantially right angle to said aperture when the valve is in a closed position, and (C) an o-ring fitted under the head of the tap screw which is compressed between the head and the valve body when the valve is in an opened or closed position.

Abstract: Disclosed are bis-meta-benzotrifluoride compounds having the general formula ##STR1## where each A is independently selected from the group consisting of NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, and NH.sub.3.sup.+ Z.sup.-, Z.sup.- is an anion and B is selected from the group consisting of O, CO, S, SO, and SO.sub.2. The diamine compounds are useful as monomers in making polyimides, polyamide-imides, and polyamides.

Abstract: Polyimide polymers of the following recurring structure and the corresponding polyamic acids are disclosed: ##STR1## wherein AR.sub.1 is ##STR2## where X is O, S, SO, SO.sub.2, CO, C(CF.sub.3).sub.2, C(CH.sub.3).sub.2, Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2, or a single bond, wherein AR.sub.2 may be pyromellitic dianhydride, a substituted pyromellitic dianhydride, naphthanoic dianhydride, or ##STR3## where Y is O, S, SO, SO.sub.2, CO, C(CF.sub.3).sub.2, C(CH.sub.3).sub.2, Si(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --O--AR--O--, or a single bond, where AR is an aromatic nucleus.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a wheel assembly such as a pulley with a bearing. A wheel is molded from a material that shrinks when its temperature falls from a temperature above 100.degree. F. to room temperature. The wheel has a circular opening at its center suitable for holding a circular bearing. The diameter of the circular opening when the wheel is at a temperature above 100.degree. F. is greater than the diameter of the circular bearing and is less than the diameter of the circular bearing when the wheel is at room temperature. The bearing is positioned inside the opening when the wheel is at a temperature above 100.degree. F. The wheel is cooled to room temperature and shrinks around the bearing, thereby fixing the bearing to the wheel. Also disclosed is a wheel assembly made by this method.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-di(trifluoromethyl)diphenyl ether according to the equation ##STR1## where X is F, Cl, Br or I, where the inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, and alkali metal bicarbonates, in the presence of a catalytic quantity of a benzoate catalyst. 2,8-Dinitro-6,6,12,12,-tetrafluoro-6H,12H-dibenzo[b,f][1,5]dioxocin, the corresponding diamine and polyimides formed from the diamine are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for removing oxygen from hydrogen, hydrocarbon, or halogenated hydrocarbon gas which contains about 0.01 to about 10 mole % oxygen. The oxygen removal is accomplished by contacting the gas with a Hopcalite catalyst at a temperature of about 100.degree. to about 300.degree. C. The invention can be part of a process for making 1,2-dichloroethane where, in a first reaction, ethane and chlorine are reacted to make ethylene and hydrogen chloride and, in a second reaction, the ethylene and hydrogen chloride are reacted with excess oxygen to make the 1,2-dichloroethane. The unreacted ethane can be recycled to the first step after the method of the invention is applied to remove the oxygen.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making polyethylene wherein ethylene, a catalyst, a cocatalyst and a solvent are added to a reactor. A first mixture is formed of the ethylene and either the catalyst or the cocatalyst and a second mixture is separately formed of the solvent and the other of the catalyst or cocatalyst. These two mixtures are then combined in a reactor to produce the polyethylene.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mixture of about 10 to about 60 volume percent monochlorobenzotrifluoride, about 10 to about 60 volume percent monochlorotoluene, and about 20 to about 60 volume percent perchloroethylene. Also disclosed is a mixture of about 10 to about 30 volume percent monochlorobenzotrifluoride, about 40 to about 60 volume percent monochlorotoluene, and about 30 to about 50 volume percent perchloroethylene. The mixtures are used as solvents to form coatings of organic polymers and to clean parts.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method to be practiced in a gas purification apparatus that is suitable for contacting a chlorine-containing mixture of gases with carbon tetrachloride in order to remove one of the gases from the mixture. The gas removed can be either chlorine or another gas such as nitrogen trichloride. In the method of the invention, one of the gases is removed from the mixture in that apparatus without using carbon tetrachloride by contacting the chlorine-containing gas mixture in the apparatus with a chlorinated organic liquid which can either be chloroform or ethylene dichloride.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making hypophosphorous acid from sodium hypophosphite by performing electrodialytic water splitting upon an aqueous solution of sodium hypophosphite. The process can be tied into an existing process for producing sodium hypophosphite wherein the product of the sodium hypophosphite process is used as a starting material in the hypophosphorous acid process and the depleted sodium hypophosphite solution from the hypophosphorous acid process, which contains some hypophosphorous acid, is used to adjust the pH in the sodium hypophosphite process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making an alkali metal alcoholate by performing the reaction ##STR1## where M is sodium or potassium, ROH is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or butanol, and D.C. is direct current. The process can be used to make sodium methylate in a modified Hybinette cell having a separator in between a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. The cell is filled with methanol and a solution of sodium chloride in methanol is added to the cathode compartment. When direct current is passed between the cathode and the anode, a solution of sodium methylate in methanol collects in the anode compartment. The solution of sodium methylate can be continuously removed and cooled to separate any sodium chloride in it which can be recycled back to the cathode compartment. Alternatively, the sodium chloride can be added to the anode compartment while an inert salt is added to the cathode compartment. The process can also be performed in a three-compartment cell.