Abstract: A transparent resist 13 having a certain thickness is provided on a full reflection film 11a at light reflection portions 11, and light reflection portions 12 are formed as holes having a certain depth, when one of the substrates 10 has an inner surface provided with the light reflection portions 11 made of the full reflection film 11a and the light transmission portions 12 formed as openings without the full reflection layer, and a color filter 14 is provided on each paired light reflection portion 11 and light transmission portion 12.

Abstract: Presentation of a chiral nematic liquid crystal optical element which is bright within a wide temperature range and which has a high contrast. A liquid crystal composition comprising an optically active compound of the formula R1—X1—A1—C*HY1—(CH2)mX2—A2—(X3—A3)n—(X4—A4)p—X5—R2 and a nematic liquid crystal, wherein each R1 and R2 is an alkyl group, etc., each of X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 is a single bond, etc., each of A1, A2, A3 and A4 is a cyclic group, C* is an asymmetric carbon atom, Y1 is a methyl group, etc., m is an integer of from 0 to 5, and each of n and p is 0 or 1.

Abstract: There are provided at least two liquid crystal panels 10, 20 including the liquid crystals developing a memory effect, the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on a no-viewer side has a selective reflection wavelength set at 615 nm to 665 nm, the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on a viewer side has a selective reflection wavelength set at 490 nm to 540 nm, and a color filter 40 having a certain transmission property is provided between the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on the viewer side and the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on the no-viewer side.

Abstract: When a new image is written to a liquid crystal panel, row electrodes are scanned a-line-at-a-time in time periods Tp1, Tp2, selected row electrodes are set at a voltage Vr, and all column electrodes are set at −Vc. The portions of a liquid crystal at the selected row electrodes have a voltage of Vr+Vc applied thereacross to bring the liquid crystal in the entire screen into a planar state. After the portions of the liquid crystal at all pixels have been brought into the planar state, new display is written by a-line-at-a-time scanning in time periods Td1, Td2.

Abstract: There are provided at least two liquid crystal panels 10, 20 including the liquid crystals developing a memory effect, the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on a side opposite to a viewer side has a selective reflection wavelength set at 615-665 nm, the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on the viewer side has a selective reflection wavelength set at 490-540 nm, and a color filter having a certain transmission property is provided between the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on the viewer side and the liquid crystal developing a memory effect on the side opposite to the viewer side.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) is improved. A driving method for a LCD which has a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode so that voltages to be applied to pixels are changed, wherein voltage levels in a selection time in a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) driving method are the same level between two successive column electrodes so as to obtain a color display or a gray scale display which corresponds to an intermediate voltage applied to a pixel.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device capable of displaying uniformly four colors of white, red, blue and green with high purity by multiplex driving is provided. In a system for effecting a multi-color display using a same display unit and utilizing retardation, at least one color polarizer is used between a pair of polarizers, which indicates a specified range wherein the polarizing efficiency of red or blue is relatively lower than that of green.

Abstract: Presentation of a chiral nematic liquid crystal optical element which is bright within a wide temperature range and which has a high contrast.

Abstract: On substrates 2a, 2b of a chiral nematic liquid crystal optical element 1, transparent electrodes 3a, 3b and electrical insulation layers 4a, 4b are formed, and further, resin layers 5a, 5b hating a pencil hardness of “B” or less are formed on the electrical insulation layers by a spin coating method so as to be in contact with a liquid crystal layer 7. When the surface hardness of the resin layers is to be measured, a glass substrate on which a resin layer is formed by screen-printing is prepared as a test piece, and the test piece is fitted to a pencil-scratching tester. The surface hardness is measured by scratching the test piece with two kinds of testing pencil selected from testing pencils having 17 grades of density.

Abstract: On substrates 2a, 2b of a chiral nematic liquid crystal optical element 1, transparent electrodes 3a, 3b and electrical insulation layers 4a, 4b are formed, and further, resin layers 5a, 5b having a pencil hardness of “B” or less are formed on the electrical insulation layers by a spin coating method so as to be in contact with a liquid crystal layer 7. When the surface hardness of the resin layers is to be measured, a glass substrate on which a resin layer is formed by screen-printing is prepared as a test piece, and the test piece is fitted to a pencil-scratching tester. The surface hardness is measured by scratching the test piece with two kinds of testing pencil selected from testing pencils having 17 grades of density.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has a light shielding layer 21 at a portion excluding a display pattern on a transparent substrate 12 wherein material for the light shielding layer has an electrical insulation property of not less than 1012 &OHgr;/□ in terms of insulation resistance and an optical density (OD value) of not less than 2.0 per a film thickness of 1 &mgr;m.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display element provided with a liquid crystal layer having a memory function, 4.0≦a≦d·V/10 is satisfied where a represents a space (an interline width) between transparent electrodes 31, 31 adjacent to each other on the same surface of a substrate 3, d (&mgr;m) represents the thickness of the liquid crystal layer interposed between the transparent electrodes 21, 31 (a pixel portion D) opposing between upper and lower substrates 2, 3, VMAX represents the maximum effective voltage required to change a display, and a (&mgr;m) represents the maximum space of the transparent electrodes whereby a uniform alignment state in a pixel portion and an interline portion can be obtained.

Abstract: A driving method for a liquid crystal display device with a cholesteric liquid crystal having a memory mode of operation comprises a first stage of applying a first voltage to change the state of the cholesteric liquid crystal to a homeotropic state; a second stage of applying a second voltage to change the state of the cholesteric liquid crystal to a homogeneous state or a homogeneous/planar-mixed state, and a third stage of applying a third voltage to change the state of the cholesteric liquid crystal from the homogeneous state or the homogeneous/planar-mixed state to a focalconic state.

Abstract: Driving is effected by MLA under a condition of L≠M or (M/L·(L+D) )≠N where M represents the total number of row electrodes, L represents the number of simultaneously selected row electrodes, D represents the number of dummy row electrodes and N represents the maximum magnifying power of a column voltage wherein driving is performed at a driving bias ratio which is deviated toward the minimum bias ratio with respect to the optimum bias ratio.

Abstract: Presented is a driving device 301 for a liquid crystal panel 10, which is provided with a controller 1, a memory 2, a row selection pattern generating circuit 7, a row voltage generating circuit 9, a latch circuit 6B, a column voltage generating circuit 11 and an operating circuit 51 (a line buffer group 3, a comparator circuit 4, adder circuits 5A, 5B, a latch circuit 6A and an imaginary data generating circuit 8), wherein an orthogonal matrix B of 6 simultaneously selected rows and 2 imaginary rows which is formed by expanding an orthogonal matrix A of 4 rows is used for a row selection pattern, and column output voltages are operated with a unit of A.

Abstract: A reflective type STN color liquid crystal display device having polarizers a liquid crystal layer a birefringent plate, an absorbing axis of upper polarizer, an absorbing axis of lower polarizer. Also include is the direction of a long axis of a liquid crystal molecule at an upper side of the liquid crystal layer, the direction of a long axis of a liquid crystal molecule at a lower side, a slow axis of birefringent plate, scanning electrodes of an N number, and data electrodes. Further BR≦PN−2 is satisfied when PN=N0.5+1 and bias value BR=(Vr+Vc)/(Vc).

Abstract: A method of driving a picture display device having an N number (N is an integer of not less than 2) of scanning electrodes and a plurality of data electrodes and being capable of optically responding to an effective value of a voltage applied to a pixel, which includes dividing the scanning electrodes into an M number of subgroups each having L rows, and applying voltages based on signals formed by expanding time-sequentially column vectors of an orthogonal matrix (A) having L rows to the scanning electrodes in each of the subgroups in order to select each of the subgroups together, changing, every time when a selection pulse is applied, the subgroups to which the selection pulse is applied, wherein L is 8 or less and N is 200 or more; the polarities of scanning voltages and data voltages are inverted with a periodicity of S times (S is a natural number) of a selection pulse width, and S is so determined that when an integer portion in the quotient of M/S is an even number, a remainder b satisfies S/b<12,

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device permitting low voltage driving which presents good display quality for a long time and excellent characteristics in low power consumption when voltage is supplied at a high temperature of about 50.degree. C. under a driving condition of a low frequency of 200 or less in terms of the number of polarity inversion per second. The display device includes a liquid crystal composition in which the voltage corresponding to 50% threshold value is 1.5 V or less is selected, and a fluorine-containing polymer material such as a fluorine-containing polyimide is used.

Abstract: A highly reliable electrooptical device comprises a pair of electrode plates facing each other with a space and sealed along their periphery by a sealing material to form a cell and an electrooptical material sealed in the cell. The device is characterized in that a protective layer of an electrically conductive material comprising electrically conductive particles and a binder is coated on each lead terminal extending outside the sealing material and the protective layer is partially embedded in the sealing material.