Abstract: A differential refractometer in which: light from a light source is condensed on a lens; the light thus condensed is guided to a cell which houses a sample of which refractive index is to be measured and a reference of which refractive index is used as a reference value, the sample and the reference being housed as separated from each other in the cell; the light having passed through the cell is guided to an image sensor; and the amount of light deflection due to the difference in refractive index between the sample and the reference is measured, thereby to obtain the refractive index of the sample.

Abstract: A rotary stand (11) having a half-mirror (8) and a photodetector (10) mounted thereon, is continuously rotated around a first rotary shaft (A) passing through a sample (S), and set to a predetermined scattering angle. Simultaneously, a rotary reflecting mirror (7) is rotated at a predetermined angle to direct a reference li8ght (LR) to the half-mirror (8) at all times. The half-mirror (8) is also rotated at its own axis at a predetermined angle so that the direction of a scattering light (LS) at the light emitting side of the half-mirror (8) is identical with the direction of the reference lilght (LR). Accordingly, the reference light may be composed with the scattered light at an arbitrary scattering angle, enabling observation of the Doppler shift in the scattered light direction (FIG. 1).

Abstract: The present invention utilizes the difference of light reception data generated based on the difference in length of substantial optical diffusion paths between a single light receiving point and a plurality of irradiation points, or between a plurality of light receiving points and a single irradiation point. According to the present invention, the inside information of substance based on the difference in length of the optical diffusion paths, may be measured. Even though measurements are made under different measuring conditions as to the part to be measured, the measuring time, etc., there may be obtained reliable measured data of the inside information with good reproducibility.

Abstract: There is disclosed a system in which, according to the time domain method, a laser light is irradiated to an object to be measured, photon pulses based on the scattering light from the object to be measured are received, time series data are generated based on the light receiving signal, and based on the time series data thus generated, the particle size distribution of particles in the object to be measured is measured. Thus, the present invention achieves a considerable reduction in time required for finally obtaining the particle size based on the measured data, as compared with a conventional system using a calculator program.

Abstract: An optical waveguide having a detour is disposed at either or both of the light-receiving and light-emitting ends of a dispersion optical system in a spectroscope. Even though light being propagated through the optical waveguide has specified polarizing characteristics, the light is depolarized by passing through the optical waveguide and many times reflecting therein. Accordingly, unpolarized light not affected by the polarization selectivity of the dispersion optical system or the like can be emitted from the spectroscope.