Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for a display device having a front light to provide front illumination to the display element included in the display device and an optical touch screen to provide a touch input to the display device. In one aspect, the display device includes a light source disposed to inject light into a backplate of the display device rearward of the display elements and a light redirector disposed to receive light from the backplate and redirect the received light forward of the display elements for optical touch purpose.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods, apparatus, and computer programs encoded on computer storage media for displaying a target color on an electronic display having display devices capable of displaying a set of native colors. In one aspect, the method includes identifying a plurality of weights including at least a first weight and one or more other weights, selecting a first color from the set of native colors that is closest to the target color and assigning it to the first weight, determining an error between the first color and the target color, recursively assigning a subsequent color from the set of native colors to the one or more other weights. Each subsequent color is selected based on the target color and an error normalized by previously assigned weights. The method also displays each assigned color according to its weight on the electronic display.

Abstract: This disclosure provides implementations of electromechanical systems (EMS) resonator structures, devices, apparatus, systems and related processes. In one aspect, a resonator structure includes a lower conductive layer of electrodes; a lower piezoelectric layer; a middle conductive layer of electrodes; an upper piezoelectric layer; and an upper conductive layer of electrodes. In one aspect, a first arrangement of the electrodes includes a first-type drive electrode in the lower conductive layer, a second-type drive electrode in the middle conductive layer, and a first-type drive electrode in the upper conductive layer; a second arrangement of the electrodes includes a second-type drive electrode in the lower conductive layer, a first-type drive electrode in the middle conductive layer, and a second-type drive electrode in the upper conductive layer; the first-type drive electrodes are coupled to receive a first input signal; and the second-type drive electrodes are coupled to receive a second input signal.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for display assemblies. In one aspect, a display assembly may include a first panel, a second panel, and a third panel. The second panel may be spaced apart from the first panel, and the third panel may be spaced apart from the second panel. A first perimeter frame may join the first panel and the second panel, with the first perimeter frame defining a first cavity in between the first panel and the second panel. The first cavity may be substantially filled with a first liquid. A second perimeter frame may join the second panel and the third panel, with the second perimeter frame defining a second cavity in between the second panel and the third panel. The second cavity may be substantially filled with a second liquid.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for encapsulating electromechanical systems devices. In one aspect, large arrays of electromechanical systems devices can be encapsulated. In one aspect the encapsulation includes an encapsulation layer supported over the electromechanical systems devices by encapsulation layer supports. The encapsulation layer can also include a plurality of orifices. The orifices can be sealed such that the electromechanical systems devices below are not damaged.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for driving an array of tri-state devices. The array of tri-state devices may form an array of display elements, and the array may be passively addressed. According to one aspect, the array includes two segment lines and one common line connected to each tri-state display element. According to another aspect, the array includes two common lines and one segment line connected to each tri-state display element.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for testing an electromechanical systems (EMS) device. In one aspect, a laser is directed at a driven EMS device, and the reflected light pattern is analyzed to provide information regarding the characteristics of the driven EMS device. In some aspects, the reflected light pattern is analyzed to determine a resonant frequency of the EMS device or the damping forces acting on the EMS device. The resonant frequency can then be used to determine stresses within the EMS device, or pressure or temperature within a device package encapsulating the EMS device.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for displaying high resolution images using examples of a halftoning method based on diffusing quantization error from a subpixel displaying a color to one or more subpixels that display a different color.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus for controlling the actuation of an analog interferometric modulator. In one aspect, a voltage may be determined from a sense electrode. A distance between one or more of the electrodes may be determined based on the voltage. The sense electrode may be capacitively coupled to another electrode, and may be implemented in a mirror of a movable layer of an interferometric modulator, or may be implemented in a floating fixed layer of an interferometric modulator.

Abstract: Displays, and methods of displaying images with the displays, which have quantized display characteristics for each of the pixels are disclosed. The displays and methods relate to both spatially and temporally dithering images so that the effective resolution of the display is higher than the result of the native spatial and intensity resolutions of the display, defined by pixel size, pitch, and number of quantization levels of each of the pixels.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for determining a presence and/or a location of an object interacting with a touchscreen display having a user interface surface. The device also includes a source of a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic signal, a plurality of detectors, a processor, and a grid including a number of electrically conductive transmission lines. Each transmission line is electrically coupled, at a first end, to the signal source, and, at a second end, to a respective one of the plurality of detectors. The grid is disposed near to and behind the user interface surface. The detectors are configured to detect an output signal of a respective transmission line. The processor collects, from each detector, a respective detector output, and determines, from the detector outputs, a presence and/or a location of an object near to the user interface surface.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for writing data to a display. The frame rate is improved by simultaneously and independently writing data to multiple common lines of the display. In some implementations, lines of common color are written simultaneously. In some implementations, more common lines of lower visual importance are written simultaneously than common lines of higher visual importance. In these implementations, colors of higher visual importance can be displayed at a higher resolution to maintain good image quality while still improving frame rate. Display element electrodes may be coupled along common lines in various ways to implement simultaneous writing to multiple common lines.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for providing illumination by using a light guide to distribute light. In an aspect, an illumination system is provided with a substrate having a first side and a second side opposite the first. The substrate can be optically transmissive and form part of the light guide for distributing light. The first side of the substrate is processed using a first processing technology. Processing the first side includes forming a light turning feature on the first side and forming a protective layer over the light turning feature. The second side is processed using a second processing technology to form display elements, while the protective layer protects the first side from damage. The first and second processing technologies can be performed using the same tool set. In addition to protecting the first side, the protective layer may function as an optical cladding and/or passivation layer.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for fabricating thin film transistor (TFT) devices. In one aspect, a substrate having a source area, a drain area, and a channel area is provided. Metal cations are implanted in the oxide semiconductor layer overlying the source area and the drain area of the substrate. The metal cation implantation forms a doped n-type oxide semiconductor in the oxide semiconductor layer overlying the source area and the drain area of the substrate.

Abstract: A touch sensor may include thin, conductive wires as at least some of the sensor electrodes. Some or all of the conductive wires may be metal wires. The sensor electrodes may not be noticeable to a human observer. In some such implementations, the sensor electrodes may be laid out in a pattern and/or grouped to create a spatial gradient. Some such implementations involve spatial interweaving, spatial interposing and/or length modulation of sensor electrodes. Such implementations can create a spatial gradient such that fewer rows and columns are required to provide a touch sensor panel with a given level of accuracy.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for processing multiple substrates in a batch cluster tool. A batch cluster tool can include a transfer chamber, an etch process chamber, and one or both of an ALD process chamber and an SAM process chamber. Multiple substrates are transferred from a transfer chamber into an etch chamber. The substrates are exposed to a vapor phase etchant. The substrates can then transferred to an atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber and exposed to vapor phase reactants to form a thin film on the substrates by ALD. The substrates can be transferred either from the etch process chamber or the ALD chamber to a third chamber and exposed to vapor phase reactants to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the substrates.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for improving brightness, contrast, and viewable angle of a reflective display. In one aspect, a display includes a structure having a steering layer including steering features. The steering features are configured to direct light away from inactive regions of a display and towards active regions of the display. The structure may also include a diffuser for scattering light incident on the display and reflected by the display.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for glass-encapsulated pressure sensors. In one aspect, a glass-encapsulated pressure sensor may include a glass substrate, an electromechanical pressure sensor, an integrated circuit device, and a cover glass. The cover glass may be bonded to the glass substrate with an adhesive, such as epoxy, glass frit, or a metal bond ring. The cover glass may have any of a number of configurations. In some configurations, the cover glass may partially define a port for the electromechanical pressure sensor at an edge of the glass-encapsulated pressure sensor. In some configurations, the cover glass may form a cavity to accommodate the integrated circuit device that is separate from a cavity that accommodates the electromechanical pressure sensor.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatuses for hiding optical contrast features. To reduce visibility of an elongated optical contrast feature, such as a wire on a transparent light guide, neighboring light-turning features in the light guide are “moved” relative to their location in a layout where they are physically uniformly distributed. This movement renders the local optical density in the region around the wire more equal to the optical density in other regions of the light guide. The movement of neighboring light-turning features occurs principally within a distance from the wire that is within the width of the line spread function of the human eye at a normal viewing distance. The uniformity of the local optical density is therefore increased, and the human eye does not perceive the wires as being separate structures. Thus, the wires can be “hidden” within a field of light-turning features.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for writing data to a display having an array of display elements. Delays which are utilized in reducing error during writing data to the array of display elements may be overlapped in time with each other to improve the frame rate of the display.