Abstract: A process for the purification of propanediol-1,3, especially when produced by hydration of acrolein with water, including extracting the diol with cyclohexane. Preferably, from 2 to 10 parts by weight of cyclohexane per part by weight of diol is used. The purification is usually carried out below 60.degree. C.

Abstract: Preparation of 2,2-dimethylpropanediol-1,3 by the aldol addition of isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde using tri-n-propylamine as a catalyst, followed by hydrogenation of the reaction mixture, and subsequent distillation of the hydrogenation product in the presence of isobutanol and water.

Abstract: The flowability of mineral oils and mineral oil distillates is improved by the addition of mixtures of an ethylene-vinyl acetate-diisobutylene terpolymer, an oxidized polyethylene wax and/or an oxidized ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of aldehydes by hydroformylation of olefins in the presence of an aqueous solution containing rhodium as a catalyst. The aqueous solution preferably contains rhodium in a concentration of 450 to 800 weight-ppm and sulfonated or carboxylated triarylphosphines as complex ligands in a concentration of 25 to 30% by weight, both based on the aqueous solution.

Abstract: In a hydroformylation process for the preparation of aldehydes by reacting aliphatic olefins of 2 to 12 carbon atoms with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures of 20.degree. to 150.degree. C. and pressures of 0.1 to 20 mPa in the liquid phase and in the presence of an aqueous solution of a catalyst containing originally 50 to 800 wt. ppm of rhodium and 25 to 30 wt. % of complex-forming, sulfonated or carboxylated triarylphosphines, in each case based on the aqueous solution, the improvement comprising adding fresh phosphine solution to maintain the original phosphine concentration, until the total concentration of complex-forming phosphines and secondary and degradation products of the phosphines not capable of forming complexes amounts to about 35 to 45 wt. % based on the aqueous solution to selectively form n-aldehydes.

Abstract: In a hydroformylation process for the preparation of aldehydes by reacting aliphatic olefins of 2 to 12 carbon atoms with carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures of 20.degree. to 150.degree. C. and pressures of 0.1 to 20 mPa in the liquid phase and in the presence of an aqueous solution containing 50 to 800 wt. ppm of rhodium and 25 to 30 wt. % of phosphines, in each case based on the aqueous solution as a catalyst system and in addition the transformation products of the phosphines, the improvement comprising draining off a portion of the aqueous solution of the catalyst system together with the reaction product and replacing the same by fresh aqueous solution of the catalyst system whereby the original catalyst selectivity for formation of n-aldehydes is maintained.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a rhodium catalyst comprising dissolving a carboxylic acid salt of rhodium in a solvent taken from the class consisting of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. The carboxylic acid has 2 to 18 carbon atoms. This salt is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form a rhodium hydridrocarbonyl which is reacted with an aqueous solution of a triaryl phosphine. The aqueous solution may be present during the initial reaction of the rhodium salt or may be added thereafter. A catalyst which is the product of the foregoing process is also disclosed, as is a method of producing aldehydes using the catalyst.

Abstract: Waxy highly branched copolymers having a molecular weight of 500 to 20,000 comprised of at least 60% by weight of ethylene, 1 to 39% by weight of an alkene carboxylic acid ester and/or a vinyl ester and 1-30% by weight of a vinyl ketone produced by polymerization at 100 to 350.degree. C. and a pressure of about 1,000 to 8,000 bar in the presence of a radical forming initiator and in the absence of a solvent useful as oil additives to improve flow characteristics of crude oils and middle distillates derived from crude oil.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for producing synthesis gas by partial oxidation of carbon-containing particles suspended in water with oxygen at elevated pressures and temperatures of 1000.degree. to 1600.degree. C. Three substance streams are added separately but simultaneously to the reactor. The inner substance stream consists of oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and synthesis gas. The middle substance stream forms a carbon-water suspension, and the outer substance stream carries oxygen or oxygen-containing gases. Due to the fact that these three substance streams intersect at an acute angle, an ideal distribution of the suspension with the gas streams is achieved and an optimum reaction course is ensured. In order to be able to compensate requirement fluctuations during continuous operation, the outlet opening for the carbon-water suspension and the outer gas stream can be correspondingly adapted in a continuous and independent manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of aldehydes by the reaction of olefinic compounds with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst system containing rhodium and aromatic phosphines. The aromatic phosphines are soluble in organic media and represent salts of sulfonated or carboxylated triarylphosphines which are insoluble in water. After hydroformylation, the reaction product is treated with a diluted aqueous solution of a base and the aqueous phase containing rhodium and aromatic phosphines is separated. Thus, thermal loading of the catalyst, for example by the redistillation of the reaction product, is avoided.

Abstract: A process for separating rhodium from mixtures thereof, comprising extracting said rhodium with an aqueous solution of a rhodium complexing agent and a solubilizer. A process for preparing aldehydes in the presence of both the complexing agent and the solubilizer is also set forth. The solubilizer is generally selected from salts of carboxylic acids having 8-20 carbon atoms, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, amines and quaternary ammonium compounds of Formula II ##STR1## wherein A is alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryl having 6-25 carbon atoms, or R.sup.7 CONHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --wherein R.sup.7 is alkyl having 5-11 carbon atoms; B is an alkyl having 1-25 carbon atoms, an aryl having 6-25 carbon atoms, or an .omega.-hydroxy alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms; C and D are each independently an alkyl or .omega.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of nonadecanediols by the hydroformylation of oleyl alcohol. Rhodium and salts of sulfonated or carboxylated triarylphosphines, which are soluble in organic media and insoluble in water, are used as hydroformylation catalysts. The hydroformylation product is then treated with a diluted solution of a base dissolved in water, the aqueous phase separated and the hydroformylation product treated with hydrogen at elevated temperature in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to new quaternary ammonium salts of di and trisulfonated triarylphosphines as well as a process for their preparation. The salts are of Formula I ##STR1## wherein Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, and Ar.sub.3 are each independently an aryl; X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 are each independently a sulfogroup; y.sup.1, y.sup.2, and y.sup.3 are each independently 0 or 1, provided that their sum is at least 1; A is an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkyl, or aryl having 6-25 carbon atoms; B, C, and D are straight chain or branched alkyl having 1-4 carbons; and n is a whole number of 1-3.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of ammonium nitrate by the reaction of nitric acid with ammonia in two stages at elevated temperature, in which the first stage is carried out at elevated pressure and the second stage is carried out at atmospheric pressure. The heat of neutralization released in the first stage is used to vaporize a portion of the reactor contents, the remaining heat of reaction being utilized to produce steam. The vapor leaving the first stage develops a pressure which controls the valve regulating the amount of heat recovered by steam generation. The valve is opened when the pressure of the vapor exceeds a set value, usually in the range of 3.4 to 4.8 bars. Decomposition products of ammonium nitrate are also measured and override the pressure regulated control of the proporiton of heat recovered by steam generation, so as to maintain ammonium nitrate decomposition within acceptable limits. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the production of 2-ethyl-hexanol comprising reacting propene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, in the presence of an aqueous catalyst containing rhodium and at least one sulfonated triarylphosphine, to form an aqueous phase and an organic phase, said organic phase comprising a mixture of materials having boiling points lower than that of n-butanal and substances having boiling points equal to or higher than that of n-butanal, said materials including i-butanal, separating said material from said substances, subjecting said substances to aldol condensation, in the presence of aqueous alkali, to form 2-ethyl hexenal, first hydrogenating said 2-ethyl-hexenal in a gas phase in the presence of a first hydrogenation catalyst and thereafter hydrogenating said 2-ethyl-hexenal in a liquid phase to form 2-ethyl-hexanol in the presence of a second hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: The invention relates to new quaternary ammonium salts of di and trisulfonated triarylphosphines as well as a process for their preparation. The salts are of Formula I ##STR1## wherein Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, and Ar.sub.3 are each independently an aryl; X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 are each independently a sulfo group; y.sup.1, y.sup.2, and y.sup.3 are each independently 0 or 1, provided that their sum is at least 1; A is an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aralkyl, or aryl having 6-25 carbon atoms; B, C, and D are straight chain or branched alkyl having 1-4 carbons; and n is a whole number of 1-3.

Abstract: The homo- or copolymerization of ethylene at temperatures of 150.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and pressures of 300 to 3500 bar is carried out in the presence of catalysts having an organometallic compound of a metal of Group III of the Periodic Table of the Elements and a titanium compound. The titanium compound is the reaction product of (a) a titanic acid ester and (b) the product of the reaction of a magnesium alcoholate and a halogen-containing aluminum alkyl compound.

Abstract: A process for the purification of salts of at least one member of the group consisting of diphenylphosphine-phenyl-m-sulfonic acid, phenylphosphine-di-(m-phenylsulfonic acid) and triphenylphosphine-tri-(m-sulfonic acid) from aqueous solutions thereof comprising adding at least a molar equivalent amount of at least one member of the group consisting of di-(n-pentyl)-amine, di-(n-hexyl)-amine and water-soluble salts of said amines to an aqueous solution containing at least one member of the group consisting diphenylphosphine-phenyl-m-sulfonic acid, phenylphosphine-di-(m-phenylsulfonic acid), triphenylphosphine-tri(m-sulfonic acid) and salts thereof to adjust the pH value to .ltoreq.7, recovering the precipitate, washing the precipitate and dissolving the same in an aqueous basic solution.

Abstract: A method for the production of aldehydes from olefins with CO/H.sub.2 in the presence of a water-soluble rhodium-containing catalyst system is described. The reaction proceeds at 0.1 to 10 MPa and 20 to 160.degree. C. Ultrasound acts on the reaction mixture, consisting of an aqueous catalyst, an olefin, synthesis gas and the end products.

Abstract: A process for the hydroformylation of aldehydes comprising reacting aliphatic olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a liquid phase in the presence of water, a rhodium catalyst and a water soluble salt of a sulfonated or carboxylated triarylphosphine, the reaction taking place in the presence of an aqueous phase having a pH of about 5.5 to about 6.2.