Abstract: A method of concentrating and drying water-containing fluent media, especially waste water concentrates, wherein an additive is incorporated in the water-containing fluent media for separating the solids thereof without the formation of scale and the liquid is evaporated. The additive comprises precipitates containing hydroxides, phosphates or arsenates of magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum or iron.

Abstract: A process for the direct decaffeination of aqueous coffee extract solutions by contacting the surface of a thin film of an aqueous coffee extract solution with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions of temperature and pressure to thereby remove the caffeine into the CO.sub.2 and directly recover the aqueous coffee extract solution substantially free from caffeine. The contacting of the aqueous coffee extract solution and the CO.sub.2 is preferably effected by passing the aqueous coffee extract solution downwardly through a packed column, while passing the CO.sub.2 upwardly in countercurrent contact therewith.

Abstract: Fats or oils are extracted from animal or vegetable products by a process of contacting the product with a solvent in the liquid phase and at a temperature below the critical temperature of the solvent to extract fat or oil from the product, separating the solvent containing extracted fat or oil from the residue of the product, and precipitating the extracted fat or oil from the solvent by heating the solvent to above the critical temperature of the solvent without taking up heat of vaporization. The resultant precipitated fat or oil contains no more than 3 ppm of solvent which makes the fat or oil suitable for use in foodstuffs without further processing to remove solvent. The temperatures of the solvent may be 0.degree.-100.degree. C. during extraction and 50.degree.-200.degree. C. during precipitation, and the pressure may be the same during extraction and precipitation.

Abstract: A method of preparing a di-organo-magnesium compound of the formula R.sub.2 M.sub.g in which R is an organic radical bonded to Mg by carbon, comprising reacting magnesium hydride MgH.sub.2 or magnesium and hydrogen with an olefin in the presence of a catalyst comprising a compound of a transition metal of the 4th to 8th secondary group and an organometallic compound or a hydride of a metal of the 1st to 3rd principal groups of the periodic system. Advantageously there is also present a polycyclic aromatic compound or a tertiary amine as activator and the reaction is effected in the presence of tetrahydrofuran as solvent at a pressure of about 1 to 300 bars at about 0.degree. to 200.degree. C., the atomic ratio of Mg:transition metal being from about 10.sup.4 to 10:1, the molar ratio of transition metal compound:organometal compound or metal hydride being from about 0.1 to 10:1, the molar ratio of olefin:magnesium being from about 2 to 10:1 and the olefin being of the formula CH.sub.2 .dbd.

Abstract: A method of extracting coffee oil containing aromatic constituents in high yield and in stable form by extracting solid, roasted coffee with dry carbon dioxide under super-critical conditions of temperature and pressure.

Abstract: The invention is a catalytic process for splitting water to provide hydrogen by irradiating an aqueous solution with actinic light. The solution contains a catalyst comprising a complex compound of a metal of the Group Ib, IIb, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb and VIIIb of the periodic system or magnesium, having ligands linked to the metal atom via two sulfur atoms or via one sulfur atom and one nitrogen atom.

Abstract: The invention provides erythrocytes of improved O.sub.2 -release properties having fused thereto small allosteric effectors, f.i. inositol hexaphosphate-containing lipid vesicles. Also included in the invention is a method for making said erythrocytes and plasma containing said erythrocytes.

Abstract: The invention includes novel alkali metal complex compounds (and processes for their preparation) which are useful, inter alia for the hydrogenation of alkali metals at room temperature or below room temperature to form hydrides or nitrides.

Abstract: A process is described for the catalytic, selective preparation of 2-vinylpyridine from acetylene and acrylonitrile using a cyclopentadienylcobalt catalyst or .pi.-allylcobalt catalyst at elevated temperature in an inert solvent, wherein the acrylonitrile concentration is up to 2 mols/liter and the reaction is carried out at a temperature over 140.degree. C. and up to 180.degree. C., the reaction time being not more than 50 minutes.

Abstract: A process is described for the catalytic, selective preparation of 2-vinylpyridine from acetylene and acrylonitrile using a cyclopentadienylcobalt catalyst or .pi.-allylcobalt catalyst at elevated temperature in an inert solvent, wherein the acrylonitrile concentration is up to 2 mols/liter and the reaction is carried out at a temperature over 140.degree. C. and up to 180.degree. C., the reaction time being not more than 50 minutes.

Abstract: A process for the decaffeination of coffee which comprises contacting the coffee with moist carbon dioxide in the supercritical state to effect removal of caffeine therefrom and recovering a substantially decaffeinated coffee. Preferred conditions for contact of the moist carbon dioxide are a temperature within the range of 40.degree.-80.degree. C., a pressure within the range of 120-180 atmospheres and a contact time of from 5 to 30 hours.

Abstract: Optically active compounds are prepared from optically inactive unsaturated hydrocarbons by reacting at least one unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst prepared by combining a nickel compound, a Lewis acid and an optically active phosphine of the general formulaPR'R"R'"in which R', R" and R'" are hydrocarbon radicals, thereby forming optically active compounds having chiral centers formed by the carbon-to-carbon linkages. The optically active compounds can be polymerized to provide optically active polymers.

Abstract: In the decaffeination of coffee by contacting the coffee with water-moist carbon dioxide above its critical temperature and critical pressure, during the contacting, the coffee is maintained in admixture with an adsorbent for the caffeine for takeup of caffeine from the carbon dioxide by the adsorbent.

Abstract: The invention includes novel alkali metal complex compounds (and processes for their preparation) which are useful, inter alia for the hydrogenation of alkali metals at room temperature or below room temperature to form hydrides or nitrides.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for deposition of a material from an electrolyte comprises an anode and a cathode in contact with the electrolyte. At least one of these electrodes is at least partially provided with at least a surface coating of a semiconductor. Thus the anode is provided at least upon its surface in contact with the electrolyte with a p-type semiconductor while the cathode is provided at least on its surface in contact with the electrolyte with a n-type semiconductor. The semiconductor layers can have a thickness of 0.12 to 2 mm and can be covered with protective layers.

Abstract: A thin film treatment apparatus, especially a thin film evaporator, comprising a rotor having a shaft and a rotationally symmetrical wall arranged about said rotor. The rotor is equipped with essentially radial, elastically resilient scraper elements extending up to such wall. These scraper elements are of essentially blade-shaped construction, and these scraper elements and the rotor are at least partially covered with an elastomeric material.

Abstract: A process for separating petroleum distillation residues into a lower boiling fraction and a higher boiling fraction. The separation is effected with the aid of a process gas under super-critical conditions of temperature and pressure such that the gas selectively takes up the lower boiling fraction. By suitable selection of the gas, the process can be carried out at relatively low temperature, and with low input energy requirements when performed with recycling of the process gas.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of spice extracts by extraction of the natural spice with a supercritical gas such as carbon dioxide in which the aroma contents are first extracted with a dry gas, the flavor contents are then extracted with a moist gas and the extracted materials recovered and mixed.

Abstract: The invention provides erythrocytes of improved O.sub.2 -release properties having fused thereto small allosteric effectors, f.i. inositol hexaphosphate-containing lipid vesicles. Also included in the invention is a method for making said erythrocytes and plasma containing said erythrocytes. The above-identified lipid vesicles provide an additional aspect of the invention.

Abstract: Dicyclopentadienyl iron (ferrocene) is produced directly from iron and cyclopentadiene, or derivatives thereof, by electrolyzing a conductive salt-containing solution of a monomeric cyclopentadiene compound in an inert solvent, between an iron anode and a cathode which is inert to the electrolyte.