Abstract: A method for generating test patterns to detect an electric shortcircuit, a method for testing electric circuitry while using test patterns so generated, and a tester device for testing electric circuitry with such test patterns. If electric circuitry comprises a plurality of separate nets, a short circuit between an arbitrary pair of nets may be detected by driving the first net at logic zero and the second net at logic one. Measuring the two effective net potentials of the pair of nets will then reveal the short in that two equal potentials would occur. In the case of CMOS technology the driving patterns should also comprise the inverse of the combination above, and also for each pair of nets the number of non-identical overall patterns having the particular 1/0 and 0/1 combinations should be guaranteed and adjustable. The total number of patterns should be minimal. In a test pattern matrix, each column is a single overall pattern; each row is the sequence of signals for the net in question.

Abstract: A description is given of a switching device (1) comprising a transparent substrate (3), a reflective switching film (5) of yttrium having a thickness of 500 nm and a palladium layer (7) having a thickness of 5 nm. Using hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature, a transparent, semiconductive film (5) of YH.sub.3 is formed, which is converted to a metallic mirror-like film (5) of YH.sub.2 by exposure to heat. The conversion of YH.sub.2 into YH.sub.3 is reversible and can for example be used in an optical switching element and in thin displays.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate made from a novel type of ceramic material. This material comprises 44-47 at. % A1, 31-39 at. % O, 8-13 at. % C and 8-12 at. % N. Substrates made from this material exhibit a relatively high heat conductance, a relatively great strength and their coefficient of expansion is equal to that of Si. Consequently, the substrates in accordance with the invention are very suitable for use in the Si-semiconductor technology. The main component of the ceramic material of the substrates preferably corresponds to the formula Al.sub.28 O.sub.21 C.sub.6 N.sub.6. The invention also provides methods of manufacturing substrates and other mouldings from this material.

Abstract: A signal processing system involving a least squares method where the system is structured around a microprocessor and includes memory zones 130, 140 and 250 which include Tables for facilitating the signal processing. Input signals are normalized before being applied to the Tables. Use of one of the Tables (130) is made easier by the normalization. The other Tables are involved in rotation processes in the selected least squares algorithm.

Abstract: The procedure for the recognition of a speech signal until output of the recognized word sequence or the recognized sentence is split in accordance with the invention in such a manner that first only word hypotheses are separately generated for different starting instants and that from these word hypotheses preliminary word strings are formed in conformity with a word graph, the word graph thus arising being continuously optimized by erasure of parts of word strings. Parts of word strings having the same beginning and end points are compared with one another and the scores of words having concurrent end points are compared with a threshold value. Further steps for optimization of the word graph are also shown. For output disclosed a particularly effective post-editing operation where for each incorrect word all further words having the same beginning are output, enabling fast selection of the correct word from all said further words, by the operator.

Abstract: A receiver including an error masking unit for masking an error in a digital signal received by the receiver, and a transmission system including such a receiver. The transmission system includes a transmitter which sub-band codes a wide-band digital signal into sub-band signals having signal blocks containing a predetermined number of samples which the transmitter quantizes and combines with bit allocation information denoting how many bits each of the samples in the signal blocks are quantized by and scale factor information relating to scale factors for the signal blocks into a digital signal. That digital signal is error correction encoded and then applied to a transmission medium by the transmitter. The receiver receives a digital signal from the transmission medium which substantially corresponds to the digital signal applied to the transmission system by the transmitter and decodes that digital signal so as to produce a replica of the wide-band digital signal encoded by the transmitter.

Abstract: A signal processing system contains a source apparatus coupled to a destination apparatus via a bus operable according to a time-slot allocation protocol. The source apparatus is arranged for supplying a sequence of packets, each having a time-stamp via the bus to the destination apparatus. The destination apparatus includes a clock and is arranged for receiving the packets, for detecting when the time-value of the clock corresponds to the time-stamp in a particular packet, and for thereupon presenting data from that particular packet at an output, operable according to a time-slot allocation protocol. The source apparatus is arranged for supplying a first and a second part of at least one of the packets in different time-slots, the destination apparatus being arranged for presenting data from the first and second part together upon detecting when the time-value of the clock corresponds to the time-stamp in the at least one of the packets.

Abstract: A folding stage for a folding analog-to-digital converter comprising a plurality of consecutive reference terminals for providing ascending different reference voltages; a first summing node, a second summing node and a first output node. A plurality of differentially coupled transistor pairs with each one of the pairs comprising a first transistor having a main current path and a control electrode which is coupled to an input terminal for receiving an input voltage to be folded and a second transistor having a main current path and a control electrode which is coupled to a respective one of the consecutive reference terminals. The main current path of the first transistor of consecutive transistor pairs is coupled alternately to the first summing node and the second summing node, and the main current path of the associated second transistor is coupled alternately to the second summing node and the first summing node.

Abstract: A magnetic drive arrangement comprising a plurality of magnetically cooperating parts which are moveable relative to one another, one of the parts being connected to a drive shaft and one of the parts being stationary, the fields produced by the permanent magnets being modulated by soft-magnetic flux-carrying parts which include at least one toothed iron yoke, wherein structures are provided on both sides of the iron yoke to generate magnetic fields by means of permanent magnets at the sides facing the iron yoke, with the magnetic fields alternatively exhibiting north poles and south poles along the circumference.

Abstract: MPEG2-based transmission systems transmit a large number of digital television programs in a single physical channel. Disclosed herein is a "Channel Navigation System" which allows a user to get an overview of the digital programs provided, and to easily select a desired program. The method of the invention includes the transmission (in a separate program of a transport stream) of a video stream representing a mosaic picture, the sub-pictures of which are miniature versions of the video stream of other programs in that transport stream. The method further includes the transmission of information which links the position of each sub-picture within the mosaic picture with the program number from which the sub-picture is derived. The user selects a desired program by merely `pointing and clicking` its miniature version in the mosaic picture.

Abstract: The invention relates to An MR method for determining the nuclear magnetization distribution in an examination zone, in which sub-image data are acquired by means of a surface coil arrangement comprising at least two surface coils and having a locally inhomogeneous sensitivity, MR superposition images being formed from said sub-image data by weighted summing. An as artefact-free as possible reproduction of MR superposition images is achieved in that the data of at least one sub-image acquired by means of a surface coil are multiplied by a further weighting function in such a manner that sub-image areas which contain artefacts are weighted less than areas without artefacts.

Abstract: A communication system comprising an Asynchronous Transmission Mode ("ATM") network and at least one demultiplexing device. The demultiplexing device receives information cells which include a header, containing the destination to which the cells are to be transmitted, and data. The demultiplexing device comprises at least one input access for receiving the cells, a plurality of output accesses, at least one network circuit, a plurality of service circuits and a common data line. The network circuit has an input access, a header analyzing element, a routing table and a combining element. At least one of the output accesses are assigned to each of the service circuits. The routing table produces a routing information signal which determines the destination to which the cells are to be transmitted. The combining element combines the information signal and the data and transmits the same on the common data line.

Abstract: The disclosed audio amplifier arrangement includes a first amplifier stage for influencing the signal strength of the received audio signal for at least part of the frequency spectrum of an audio signal received through an input. An output amplifier stage amplifies the signal influenced by the first amplifier stage. A detection present in the output amplifier stage detects overloads of the output amplifier stage (3). A control circuit causes, in response to the detection signal, an adjustment to be made of the influence caused by the first amplifier stage if the overload signalled by the detection signal transgresses a certain limit. This limit depends on the magnitude of the adjustment already carried out, so that the degree of overload corresponding to the limit increases when the extent of the adjustment increases.

Abstract: Digitized picture information representing different pictures is stored in respective picture files. Each picture file has both digital picture data and presentation control information including at least orientation information for that picture. Respective additional presentation control information for the different pictures is contained in a separate control file. An apparatus for reading the information, for display on a television set, allows selective use of the presentation control information recorded in the picture file or the corresponding control information in the separate control file.

Abstract: A color display tube comprising a color selection structure which is provided with a layer of getter material, the surface on which the layer of getter material being provided is rough. In this manner heat radiation is increased and doming of the color selection structure is reduced.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube in which the pre-focusing field, the main lens field, a quadripolar field in the pre-focusing portion of the electron gun and a quadripolar field in the main lens are dynamically varied by means of only one dynamic voltage.

Abstract: A scanning device for repeatedly scanning a scanning surface of a record carrier (e.g., a tape) by means of a first and a second scanning spot produced by respective scanning beams. The scanning spots perform synchronous movements along a first and a second scanning path, respectively, having different given scanning directions, as a result of which, the distance, viewed in a direction transverse to the scanning paths, between the first and the second scanning spot changes during scanning. The scanning device can be used in a recording and/or read apparatus which further includes a detection system for converting radiation emanating from the second scanning spot into a corresponding detection signal, and a measurement circuit which derives a position measurement signal indicative of deviation of track pitch based on a deviation in a relationship between the detection signal and a reference signal indicative of the position of the first scanning spot on the first scanning path.

Abstract: An optical component (7) is described in which the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is raised and which comprises a non-linear optical medium and an optical modulation structure (21) so as to compensate for the wavelength dispersion in the non-linear optical material so that there is phase matching. By providing a satellite layer (15) having a high refractive index proximate to the modulation structure (21), the wavelength at which phase matching occurs is not critical for the layer thickness of the non-linear optical medium. An opto-electronic device (1) for raising the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, comprising such a component (7) as a frequency-raising element is also described.

Abstract: A power amplifier stage for producing a rectangular signal across a load, which may be predominantly capacitive, by means of a "bridge" amplifier comprises a first pair of transistors which operate alternately as an emitter follower and a second pair of transistors which alternately closes the circuit of the load. The four transistors of the bridge amplifier are respectively driven by identical four current sources in order to minimize the impedance of the circuit of the load for direct current. The transistors of the second pair are alternately connected as diodes. To control the signal amplitude, a generator supplies a control voltage whose value corresponds to a fixed component equal to 2.V.sub.BE, plus a variable component corresponding to the desired amplitude of the signal. Such a power amplifier stage can be used for driving a piezo-electric transducer, particularly for a telephone bell.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for generating at least two interdependent supply voltages from an input voltage includes a first control stage for controlling the actual value of a first one (Ua1) of the supply voltages to a first nominal value which is adjustable between a first upper and a first lower tolerance limit. At least one further control stage controls the actual value of each further one of the supply voltages (Ua2, . . . , Uan) to a further nominal value, which is preferably adjustable within a range between each time a further upper and a further lower tolerance limit, by varying the first nominal value in the range between the first upper and the first lower tolerance limit in response to control signals obtained by a comparison performed between the actual values of the further supply voltages (Ua2, . . . , Uan) and the associated further nominal values in the associated control stages. This simplified circuit arrangement improves the accuracy of the supply voltages under load conditions.