Abstract: In a video recorder (2) having an electronically tunable tuner (19) and a connector (4) to which a cabling (6) can be connected, which cabling can also be connected to a connector (5) of a television receiver (3) which also has a tuner (46), at least one comparison device (69, 75, 130) of the video recorder (2) is connected to the tuner (19) of the video recorder (2) and to the connector (4) of the video recorder (2) via each time one connection (65, 66, 73, 77) in order to compare at least one component of one of the two received signals supplied by the tuner (46) of the television receiver (3) and applied to the connector (4) thereof with the corresponding component of the received signal supplied by the tuner (19) of the video recorder (2), which comparison device (69, 75, 130) supplies an inequality signal in the case of inequality of the signals applied to it, and an equality signal in the case of equality of the signals applied to it, the tuner (19) of the video recorder (2) being successively tuned to

Abstract: A capped electric lamp according to the invention comprises a lamp vessel (10) which is closed in a gastight manner and encloses a light source. The lamp vessel (10) is surrounded by a glass outer envelope (20) which is fastened at an end portion (21) to a housing (40) by means of a coupling member (30), which housing in addition supports a lamp cap (50). The coupling member (30) is made of metal, and the end portion (21) of the outer envelope (20) is fused to the coupling member (30). In the lamp according to the invention, the coupling member (30) is of a simple construction while nevertheless a blown outer envelope (20) can be used.

Abstract: A square-law detector which provides a square-law relationship between the amplitude of the input signal and the amplitude of the output signal, and having a frequency transfer characteristic which is a continuous function consisting of a rising portion up to a predetermined frequency followed by a falling portion following the predetermined frequency. Thus the frequency characteristic is generally triangular, which is advantageous in that the output signal as function of frequency has a much more uniform, i.e. trapezoidal, pattern than is obtained with a conventional detector having a substantially rectangular frequency transfer characteristic. This is especially important when the detector is used in a receiver for FSK modulated signals having a large frequency deviation, since the modulated signal spectrum then has two relatively discrete power peaks.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with a bipolar transistor formed in a layer of semiconductor material (2) provided on an insulating substrate (1), in which material a collector zone (4), a base zone (5), and an emitter zone (6) are provided below a strip of insulating material (3) situated on the layer (2), which zones are connected to contact regions (7, 8, 9, 10) lying adjacent the strip (3), three of the contact regions (8, 9, 10) lying next to one another at a same side of the strip (3), of which two (8 and 9) are connected to the base zone (5) while the third (10), which lies between the former two (8 and 9), is connected to the emitter zone (6). The three contact regions (8, 9, 10) situated next to another at the same side of the strip (3) are provided alternately in the layer of semiconductor material (2) and in a further layer of semiconductor material (19) extending up to the strip (3).

Abstract: A device for displaying cartographic information, such as traffic situations with navigation data in the case of use in a navigation system, contains a memory for cartographic data, a location-determining unit and a display, is provided with a selection unit for the repeated selection, on the basis of data from the location-determining unit, from the memory of data relating to a traffic situation to be anticipated and is provided with a processing unit for an analysis of the selected data and the generation, on the basis of the analysis, of a stylised display, which can be interpreted rapidly, of the traffic situation to be anticipated, optionally incorporating a symbol which indicates the route to be followed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for giving an audio-visual presentation consisting of a basic part and at least a complementary part, such as a video film. The system comprises different storage media for storing the basic part and the complementary pan and merging means for merging the basic part with the complementary part into the audio-visual presentation. The complementary part is intended for enhancing the audio-visual presentation quality that can be achieved with the basic part. A provider may provide a basic part free of charge on a CD-i disc, after which the user is to pay for the complementary pan which may be transmitted to him via a telephone line from a databank.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of learning which is carried out in a neural network operating on the basis of the gradient back-propagation algorithm. In order to determine the new synaptic coefficients with a minimum learning period, the invention introduces parameters which privilege corrections based on the sign of the error at the start of learning and which gradually induce less coarse corrections. This can be complemented by other parameters which favor a layer-wise strategy, accelerating the learning in the input layers with respect to the output layers. It is also possible to add a strategy which acts on the entire neural network.

Abstract: A magnetic-tape apparatus with a rotary scanning device in which a plurality of magnetic heads are mounted at the circumference and are associated with rotating amplifiers, which for the signal transfer are connected to stationary devices at a stator side via respective rotary transformers. The stator side of the rotary scanning device includes a generator for the generation of a phase-data signal including a periodically recurring pulse sequence bounded by synchronization pulses (S) and comprising between the synchronization pulses a bit-serial sequence of pulses whose pulse edges time the transfer of the signals from and to the magnetic heads. A feedback register circuit at the rotor side derives various timed head-switching signals for turning on/off the rotating amplifiers from an optically transmitted phase-data signal.

Abstract: In a method of data transmission from a plurality of sub-stations to a main station over a common channel which is subdivided into time slots whose length and synchronization are determined by a corresponding time slot distribution of a data transmission signal sent out by the main station, in which each sub-station has a predetermined probability p of transmitting a data packet in each time slot, the throughput of the communication channel is improved in that if the main station has correctly received in a specific time slot (n) a data packet coming from a specific sub-station, always a next time slot (n+j) will be reserved to be exclusively used by that specific sub-station.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement which comprises at least one stage which is to be fed by a source voltage from a common voltage source, at least one of these stages comprising a control signal generating circuit which can apply a control signal, to be derived from the source voltage, to a control signal output bus conductor which is common to all stages. A control signal input bus conductor can be connected to the control signal output bus conductor via a central bridge when the source voltage has a value within a first value range and which can be isolated from the control signal output bus conductor by the central bridge when the source voltage has a value within a second value range. Each stage includes a respective control circuit which can be connected to the control signal input bus conductor in order to receive the control signal and which can adjust the stage to a source voltage from the associated value range by application or interruption of the control signal.

Abstract: In a ferro-electric liquid crystal display, in which the pixels in one row first receive a reset or "blanking" signal, this reset signal is presented by providing the counter electrode, prior to selection, with a reset voltage while simultaneously selecting the row of pixels to be reset. When a single counter electrode is used, it switches to a reset voltage during each selection period. If the counter electrode is divided into sub-strips, these strips switch to a reset voltage once per picture period.

Abstract: A power supply device includes a series arrangement of an inductance (3), a switching device (4) clocked by a control circuit (12), and a current measuring impedance (5), which series arrangement is arranged between two terminals (1, 2) to which a supply voltage (Ue) can be applied. A voltage (Um) appearing across the current measuring impedance (5) is applied via an input resistor 17to an input (18) of the control circuit (12) to control the switching device (4), a capacitance (19) being in parallel with the input (18) of the control circuit (12).A diode (20) is arranged in parallel with the input resistor (17), dimensioned in such a manner relative to one another that the diode (20) becomes conductive only when the Voltage (Um) across the current measuring impedance (5) exceeds a given limit value. Also, the ohmic resistance of the diode (20) together with the capacitance (19) forms a smaller time constant than the input resistor (17) with the capacitance (19).

Abstract: An enhanced power saving method for operating a battery powered hand-held communication system, particularly a cordless phone system, and the communication system constructed in accordance with the power saving method are described. The power saving method consists of an algorithm which divides the standby time of the communication system into a scanning mode and a sleep mode having several different levels to allow the system to enter the scanning mode intermittently. Each level of the sleep mode corresponds to a given length of delay time between two successive scanning periods. The communication system enters different levels of the sleep mode in accordance with the standby time history. The more standby time that passes, the longer the sleep time for the level that the system may enter. This reduces the scan rate when the system is not used for a long period.

Abstract: A shaving apparatus is provided having a housing (1), provided with a holder (2) in which at least one cutting unit (3) is mounted, which cutting unit comprises an external cutting member (4) and an internal cutting member (5) which is rotatably drivable relative to said external cutting member, and provided with a skin supporting rim (6) surrounding the external cutting member, which external cutting member (4) has at least one hair-entry aperture (8) and is mounted so as to be movable relative to the holder (2), said internal cutting member (5) being in resilient engagement with the external cutting member. For a better control of the pressure between the external cutting member (4) and the skin the skin supporting rim (6) is pivotable both relative to its associated external cutting member (4) and relative to the holder (2).

Abstract: The invention relates to an illumination system (7) for a colour image projection device (1). The illumination system (7) comprises a radiation source (3) for generating an unpolarized radiation beam (5) and at least a cholesteric mirror (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) for wavelength-selective splitting of the radiation beam (5) into at least two sub-beams of different wavelengths. A composite circular polarizer (35) for directly converting the unpolarized radiation beam (5) into circularly polarized sub-beams jointly forming one beam is arranged in the path of the unpolarized radiation beam (5) between the radiation source (3) and the cholesteric mirror (9). The composite circular polarizer (35) comprises a polarization-sensitive beam splitter (43) which splits the unpolarized radiation beam (5) into two mutually perpendicularly and linearly polarized sub-beams, and a polarization converter (51, 53; 59, 61).

Abstract: In an extended television signal having signalling bits for conveying control information to control an extended decoder, the signalling bits include a start code and data bits. The start code's main lobe of spectral energy resides in the lower spectral area of a baseband television signal below 2 MHz and preferably below 1.7 MHz. The start code is preferably (almost) DC-free, and the start code has good aperiodic correlation properties and a predetermined minimum bit Hamming distance to the data bits when shifted in the direction of the data bits following the start code.

Abstract: Method, transmitter and receiver for transmitting, receiving and displaying teletext pages. A Level 1 teletext page transmitted in a known manner is extended to a higher display level using extension signals. To activate a desired attribute in an area covering a plurality of rows, the extension signals include a height code which indicates the number of further rows in which the further attributes must be repeated.

Abstract: A digital servo control with improved control accuracy, in which the arithmetical mean of a sequential series of n data words is used as a basis for the nominal value for a NOMINAL/ACTUAL value comparison to derive a setting signal. Depending on the value of the arithmetical mean, also intermediate values of adjacent quantization stages may thus be included and taken into consideration for control purposes.