Abstract: A recording and/or reproducing apparatus comprising a guide roller for guiding and diverting a magnetic tape. The guide roller includes a roller member, which is rotatably and pivotably mounted on a shaft, and a guide flange for the magnetic tape, which guide flange is disposed near the shaft bearing location, the lower edge of the magnetic tape being pressed against the guide flange. In order to reduce the force exerted on the lower edge of the magnetic tape a stationary roller member is interposed between the rotatable roller member and the guide flange, and the two roller members are movable relative to one another in the direction of the bisector of the wrapping angle of the magnetic tape.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for a method of manufacturing optically readable discs in which a substrate is placed on a movable substrate carrier and by moving the substrate carrier it is subsequently placed in a centered position on a previously applied amount of replication material on a mold. In this position the substrate is fixed to the mold, after which the substrate carrier releases the substrate and the replication layer in the structure zone is solidified.

Abstract: A method of encoding a sequence of images including a moving object, comprises forming an initial template, extracting a mask outlining the object, dividing the template into a plurality (for example sixteen) sub-templates, searching the next frame to find a match with the template, searching the next frame to find a match with each of the sub-templates, determining the displacements of each of the sub-templates with respect to the template, using the displacements to determine affine transform coefficients and performing an affine transform to produce an updated template and updated mask. Encoding is performed at a higher resolution for portions within the outline than for portions outside the outline.

Abstract: A throttle valve in a gas conduit (3), such as for example an intake of an internal-combustion engine, is pivotable from an idling position into operating positions by means of a valve shaft (5), the valve shaft (5) carrying an actuator body formed by a magnetised rotor body (9) which, via an air gap (10), cooperates with pole shoes (15) of a stationary excitation section (11), which is electrically energisable by a pick-up, which pole shoes surround said rotor body externally, the excitation section (11) comprising a U-shaped stator whose limbs (12a, 12b) form the pole shoes (15), which cooperate with the permanent-magnet rotor body (9) at the air gap, in such a manner that the rotor body (9) is subjected to magnetic torques which tend to pull said rotor body into a well-defined rest position, in order to thereby return the throttle valve (4) in a direction opposite to the opening direction into a well-defined rest position in the non-energised condition.

Abstract: A neural processor, including neural calculation apparatus (30, NQ, RQ) which normalize an input data X with respect to another input data Y. The calculation apparatus performs a division of X by Y in order to determine a quotient Q. The calculation apparatus is trained to calculate by iteration a series of contributions .DELTA.Q.sub.i which are used to update a partial quotient QP which becomes the quotient Q at the end of calculation. Calculation can be performed on an arbitrary arithmetic base which determines the number of neurons utilized and also the accuracy of the calculation. It is also possible to utilize a partial remainder RP.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical unit for generating an optical data signal in conformity with a data pattern. The unit has an input for receiving the data pattern with a modulation period T, a pulsed laser for supplying an optical pulse series having a pulse period n.T and a pulse duration .tau., in which n is an integer, and a converting unit for converting this pulse series into an optical data signal in conformity with the data pattern. The converting unit is a radiation-controlled optical switch. This switch has a first input for receiving the data pattern in the form of an optical pulse series whose pulses have a pulse width b, a second input for receiving the optical pulse series from the pulsed laser for sampling the data pattern during periods when the switch is open, and an output for supplying a data pulse series having a pulse width .epsilon..b, in which 0 <.epsilon.<1.

Abstract: A flat-panel type picture display device having a face plate with a luminescent screen at the inner side and, arranged at a short distance therefrom, a rear wall adjoined by a large number of electron transport ducts operating by means of wall interaction of electrons. A selection structure for withdrawing electrons from transport ducts and for directing them towards pixels on the luminescent screen comprises a preselection structure provided with preselection locations and a fine-selection plate provided with fine-selection apertures, each preselection location being associated with at least two fine-selection apertures. To improve contrast and/or color purity, an apertured obstruction plate forming chicanes in the electron paths is arranged between the preselection plate and the fine-selection plate.

Abstract: A respective power semiconductor switch (M1, M2, M3) is provided for each ignition coil (20) of an internal combustion engine. Each such switch (M1, M2, M3) has a first main electrode (C) for coupling the primary winding (20a) of the associated ignition coil (20) to a first voltage supply line (1), and a control electrode (G) coupled to an respective ignition control line (Ign1, Ign2, Ign3) for rendering these switches (M1, M2, M3) conducting in a given sequence. A further semiconductor device (M4) has first and second main electrodes (d and s) coupled between second main electrodes (E) of the power semiconductor switches (M1, M2, M3) and a second voltage supply line (2), and a control electrode (g) for a drive signal controlling the current flow through the device (M4). A current sensing arrangement (Rs) senses the current flowing through this further device (M4).

Abstract: A method of controlling a circuit simulator for examining the electromagnetic behaviour of an electrical conductor pattern is based on reducing the equivalent circuit model of the pattern. The pattern is first represented by a collection of geometrical elements, whose size is determined by the scale of the geometrical details that is well below the minimum wavelength contemplated. Selection of a set of those elements that lie approximately at a distance of one wavelength from one another and expressing the field values of the non-selected elements in terms of the field values for the selected elements permits correlating a low rank admittance matrix and the matrices of the Maxwell equations. Typically, an effective reduction of four orders of magnitude in the number of equivalent circuit components is obtained without losing model accuracy.

Abstract: For audio and/or video or control signal transmission between two rooms in, for example, a house, inductive and/or capacitive transmitters and receivers are used which are installed on opposite sides of the partition or wall that separates the rooms. The signals to be transmitted may be applied or tapped from the transmitter/receiver by cables or by infrared transceiving diodes. The transmitter and receiver consist of, for example, two metal plates or two coils installed substantially opposite each other on opposing sides of the wall.

Abstract: A time-discrete signal is delayed by a selectable fraction (.delta.) of a sampling period of the time-discrete signal. First (F1) and second (F2) differential signals having mutually different phase characteristics are derived from the time-discrete signal and are subsequently combined (MIX) dependent upon the selectable fraction (.delta.) to obtain a phase-adjusted correction signal. The product of the selectable fraction (.delta.) and the correction signal is added to the time-discrete signal to obtain a time-discrete signal which has been delayed by the selectable fraction (.delta.). The second differential signal is obtained by means of a differentiator with asymmetric coefficients in order to optimise the transfer characteristic for .delta.=0.5.

Abstract: An X-ray apparatus is provided with a filter (12) for limiting the dynamic range of an X-ray image formed on an X-ray detector (4) by exposure of an object (3), for example a patient to be examined, to X-rays (2). The filter (12) has filter elements (13) including one or more capillary tubes (13), one end of which communicates with a reservoir with an X-ray absorbing liquid. The adhesion of the X-ray absorbing liquid to the inner side of the capillary tubes can be adjusted by means of an electric voltage applied to an electrically conductive layer provided on the inner side of the capillary tubes (13). The degree of filling of the capillary tubes (13) with the X-ray absorbing liquid is adjusted by way of the electric voltage value. The X-ray absorption profile is adjusted within a very short period of time, for example within one second, by adjustment of the electric voltages applied to the capillary tubes (13).

Abstract: Method of polishing a surface (5a) of copper or an alloy comprising mainly copper, in which a polishing means is moved across the surface while exerting a polishing pressure of approximately 500 g/cm.sup.2 for obtaining a plane and smooth polished surface without any defects. A composition of a polishing component comprising a colloidal suspension of SiO.sub.2 particles having an average particle size of between 20 and 50 nm in an alkali solution, demineralized water and a chemical activator is used as a polishing means.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for encoding and/or decoding digital data elements of a uniform size with different degrees of error protection in accordance with a quasi-product code.

Abstract: In a transmission system or a recording systems often codes are used to make the coded signal (C.sub.k) DC free. To simplify the detector (16), block codes can be preferable. To exploit the redundancy inherently present in such a code a symbol wise Viterbi detector (24,26) is used to detect the symbols without largely enlarging the complexity of the system.

Abstract: In a color liquid crystal projection display in which three differently-colored illuminating beams (R,G,B) are incident from mutually different directions on an LC panel (20) having an array of display elements (40) with a microlens array (21) at the input side of the panel comprising microlens elements (42) overlying groups of display elements that direct light from the beams through respective sets of display elements, and a projection lens (30) projects the output beams from the panel onto a screen (31), the beam geometries are selected such that at a position spaced from the output side of the panel the three output beams pass respectively through substantially separate areas and filter means (50) are disposed at that position to remove unwanted color stray light at each area thus improving color purity.

Abstract: A data communication system comprises a main device with a first microcomputer and an operating device with a second microcomputer. The devices are connected to each other by a first wire and by a second wire. In addition to that, input interrupt terminals of both devices are connected to the second wire. One device starts the sending of data by pulling the second wire to a first level, the detection of this by the other device is signalled back via the first wire and both devices then start an internal timer. When a predetermined time, corresponding to a data item to be sent, has lapsed the sending device pulls the second line again to the first level. This is detected by the other device, which measures the lapsed time and which uses this time to determine the data item sent by consulting preset conversion rules, that give a relation between time and a data element.

Abstract: A method of providing an ultra-thin (<1 nm) silicon-oxide layer on a substrate surface, for example, of a metal. A film of a solution of a polyorganosiloxane is applied to the substrate surface. After drying, the polyorganosiloxane is completely converted to said silicon-oxide layer by means of an UV-ozone treatment. Such an ultra-thin silicon-oxide layer sufficiently protects a metal surface against corrosion. In addition, the silicon-oxide layer can be silanized with the customary silane coupling agents to improve the bond with polymers. The method can very suitably be used, for example, to treat metal leadframes for ICs and to provide a bonding layer for indium tin oxide on polyacrylate for a passive plate of LC displays.

Abstract: Signals from a number of NAVSTAR global positioning system (GPS) satellites (11,12,13,14) are received by a receiver (16) in a vehicle (15) and a segment of the signals is stored in a memory (18) prior to retransmission by a transmitter (19). A base station (35) receives these transmissions from the mobile unit using a first receiver (36). The base station also receives signals directly from the NAVSTAR GPS satellites using a second receiver (38). A control and calculating apparatus (37) within the base station can determine the ephemeris (course) information for the satellites and can measure the transmission times or propagation delays of signals between the satellites and the vehicle and with this information the control and calculating apparatus can calculate the position of the vehicle unit.