Abstract: Automatic adjustment of the transmission power, of 5G and 6G wireless messages, is necessary for efficient energy utilization and minimizing background generation, especially in high-density communication environments. However, the power level needed for adequate reception is a complex compromise among competing factors related to network performance, message features, and constantly changing noise/interference backgrounds. Disclosed are artificial intelligence systems and methods configured to determine an appropriate power level for communications. The AI model is trained to account for a wide range of conditions in real-time. For field use, an algorithm derived from the AI model, may be simplified and reduced in size to be appropriate for mobile user devices. The base station may prepare a map of signal attenuation factors, noting especially the “dead zones” of poor reception, and increase the transmission power whenever a mobile user device enters such a location. Many other aspects are disclosed.

Abstract: A resource-efficient modulation scheme includes both conventional and zero-amplitude states. The conventional states in 5G/6G are amplitude- or phase-modulated, or both, whereas the zero-amplitude states have zero or substantially zero amplitude. By including modulation states with zero amplitude in the modulation scheme, transmitters can transmit a message more compactly, and using less time or bandwidth, and with a substantial decrease in emitted energy. For example, in a phase-modulation scheme such as BPSK or QPSK, a zero state represents an additional modulation state with zero transmitted amplitude. In a modulation scheme with I and Q branches in quadrature, each branch is separately amplitude modulated, plus additional states with zero amplitude in one or both branches, for different effects. For example, 16QAM with nine additional zero-amplitude states totals 25 available modulation states, resulting in 36% reduction in message size and 44% reduction in transmitted energy.

Abstract: In 5G and 6G, each message element of a message is transmitted with a constant amplitude level. Disclosed herein is a more resource-efficient modulation scheme in which each message element is modulated to two of the amplitude levels, with a first amplitude level in the first half of a message element, and a second amplitude level in the second half. The information density of the message is thereby doubled, saving time and resources. The transition between the first and second amplitude levels can be abrupt, as in a square wave, or ramped, as in a linear ramp function. The changing amplitude may cause a frequency shift; however the transmitter can calculate that shift and apply a frequency correction to each message element to compensate. The changing amplitude can also deposit energy in adjacent subcarriers; however the receiver can calculate that energy and subtract it from the adjacent subcarriers before demodulating.

Abstract: Modulation schemes for 5G and 6G are disclosed that can be demodulated accurately even when two transmissions collide. The modulation states are configured to reveal the interference and, in most cases, provide an unambiguous determination of the original content. In other cases, when inevitable ambiguities remain, the number of possible states is greatly reduced, enabling rapid selection of the correct state using error-detection codes. The states of the modulation scheme may include phase modulation or amplitude modulation or both, and may be based on classical amplitude-phase modulation or pulse-amplitude modulation. Each state is structured so that any collision, between any two of the states, produces a readily identified amplitude-phase combination, from which the original message and the intruding message can be deduced. Enhanced network throughput and reliability, with fewer retransmission and dropped messages, may result. Many other aspects are disclosed.

Abstract: Prior art includes error detection according to an embedded CRC (cyclic redundancy code) or the like, and error correction using FEC (forward error correction) codes, but achieves only partial success in practice, leading to frequent requests for message retransmission. Disclosed is a method for detecting errors in individual message elements using 5G or 6G technologies, by measuring the modulation quality according to how far the amplitude or phase of the message element deviates from the calibrated modulation levels of the modulation scheme. A large deviation indicates a faulted message element, whereas a close match with the calibrated modulation levels is likely correct. By identifying faulted message elements individually, the receiver can recover the message using a number of strategies, disclosed herein. With improved error detection, and localization to individual message elements, network communications can be substantially upgraded at negligible cost, according to some embodiments.

Abstract: In a wireless network, a base station in 5G or 6G often retains a message on hold if the intended user device is temporarily unavailable. To alert the user device, the base station may periodically transmit a polling array consisting of extremely brief (single-bit) indicators at particular time-frequency locations assigned to each user device. The user devices can monitor the polling array, and thereby determine that they have a message on hold. Users can then request the message using a similar terse code. In addition, the base station can divide the user devices into sections, and transmit only the polling array sections that have at least one message on hold, thereby saving time and resources. The user-reply array can be similarly structured, for further resource efficiency. Many other aspects are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are faster, simpler procedures for finding and registering on a 5G or 6G network. First, a prospective user device determines, from a searchable network database of system information, which base station is closest to the user device, and whether the base station is accepting new users. The user device also determines, from the network database, system information about the base station including frequencies of the base station's broadcast channel and random access channel, and like parameters. Then, the user device can synchronize its clock and timing by detecting any message transmitted on the broadcast or random access channel, or by locking to an external time-base such as a navigation satellite timing signal. The user device can then transmit an entry message, such as a random access preamble, or other type of message requesting entry into the network. Many other aspects and advantages of rapid network access are disclosed.

Abstract: Upon receiving a corrupted message in 5G or 6G, a receiver generally rejects the message or ignores it entirely, because determining which message elements are faulted is difficult and complex. AI-based procedures are provided for localizing faults in specific message elements, and for determining the corrected values when possible. AI inputs may include the amplitude or phase modulation quality of each message element, the measured SNR of each message element, the modulation quality of a preceding demodulation reference, and current backgrounds, among other factors. After training (adjusting according to measured network data), the AI model may then determine the most likely faulted message elements, and may also direct the search for the most likely corrected values. By recovering the original corrected message without an unnecessary retransmission, the system can save time, reduce transmission energy, and avoid generating backgrounds. Many additional aspects are disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods to determine which specific message elements, of a 5G or 6G message, are faulted. By comparing the amplitude or phase modulation of each message element to a predetermined modulation level, and comparing the difference to a threshold, the faulted message elements can be identified and, potentially, corrected. For example, the modulation scheme may provide two superposed orthogonal signals, thereby providing two amplitude-modulated signals per message element, and a modulation quality can be derived according to the differences between those two amplitudes and the closest predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. The SNR or SINR of each message element can also be measured and included in the modulation quality determination. Artificial intelligence may enable improved or faster determination of the faulted message elements by including additional input factors.

Abstract: Wireless receivers in 5G and 6G are generally configured to discard faulted messages and request retransmission of the entire message. Disclosed is a procedure enabling the receiver to determine which specific message elements are faulted, and then to request only the faulted portion be retransmitted. Substantial time and wasted power can thereby be saved. The receiver can identify the faulted message element(s) by calculating a modulation quality of each message element and specifying only that portion of the message containing those message elements. For example, the receiver can determine the modulation quality by comparing a difference between the message element's amplitude or phase modulation and the closest predetermined amplitude or phase level of the modulation scheme. A deviation larger than a threshold value strongly suggests that the message element is wrong. The SNR and other factors can also be included in a formula to identify faulted message elements.

Abstract: Faulted messages in 5G or 6G are generally discarded and a retransmission is then requested. However, the faulted message contains valuable information despite the few faulted message elements. Retransmission is a time-consuming energy-intensive process. Therefore, the present disclosure pertains to procedures for determining which specific message elements, of a corrupted message, are actually faulted. To do so, the receiver can determine a modulation quality of each message element by measuring a difference between the amplitude levels of the message element and the predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. For example, the modulation scheme may involve an I-branch and an orthogonal Q-branch, each with a different amplitude. The message quality may be related to the deviation of each branch amplitude from the closest predetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme. A large amplitude deviation indicates a suspicious message element. Many other aspects are also disclosed.

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) means are disclosed for enabling network operators to optimize 5G and 6G messaging performance, in real-time. AI models, or fieldable algorithms derived therefrom, can select an appropriate modulation scheme according to network conditions. Modulation variables can then be adjusted to optimize performance, such as throughput or failure rates, for low or high traffic densities. Three development phases are described: network data acquisition including faults experienced under various network conditions, AI structure tuning for accurate prediction of performance, and implementation of a fieldable algorithm based on the AI structure. Network operators can use the fieldable algorithm to compare predicted performance metrics in real-time, according to various operating conditions (such as available modulation schemes), and thereby adjust particular modulation parameters (such as amplitude or phase levels).

Abstract: Communications in 5G and 6G can use “beams” to focus electromagnetic energy on the recipient, and the recipient can likewise arrange a focused reception “beam” toward the transmitter, thereby saving energy and avoiding interference. However, aligning the transmission and reception beams remains an arduous process. Herein, procedures are disclosed for rapid and efficient beam alignment at both transmission and reception devices, using very brief response signals to select an optimal beam direction for best signal quality. By encoding the selected beam index in the time, frequency, and optionally modulation of the brief signal, the transmitter and receiver can cooperate to optimize communication and save energy.

Abstract: Short-form pulse-amplitude demodulation references disclosed herein may enable low-cost receivers to demodulate wireless messages while avoiding complex 5G and 6G protocols, thereby enabling a multitude of cost-constrained applications. Despite their small footprint, the short-form pulse-amplitude demodulation references enable the receiver to determine all of the amplitude levels of the modulation scheme, including the effects of noise and interference. Mitigation of noise and interference can therefore be provided by embedding short-form pulse-amplitude demodulation references within longer messages, thereby providing an immediate refresh of the modulation calibrations, enhancing communication reliability, and avoiding costly message faults despite high background interference. Short-form pulse-amplitude demodulation references disclosed herein can be used as a default standard demodulation reference in 5G and 6G wireless messages.

Abstract: Demodulation references are short messages exhibiting modulation levels of a modulation scheme, to assist the receiver in demodulating a message. Disclosed are short-form demodulation references suitable for pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) messages in 5G and 6G. Each resource element of the short-form PAM demodulation reference provides two amplitude calibrations, one for each I or Q branch, from which the remaining amplitude levels of the modulation scheme can be readily calculated in real-time. The receiver can then demodulate a message by matching the branch amplitude values of each message element to the calibrated amplitude levels as determined from the demodulation reference. To indicate the start and end of the message, different configurations can be placed before and after the message. To mitigate high levels of background, a short single-symbol demodulation reference can be embedded in the message at multiple positions. Configurations are suitable for adoption as a demodulation standard.

Abstract: When a received message is found to be corrupted in 5G or 6G, the receiver can request a retransmission. If only one message element is faulted, retransmitting the whole message may be a waste. Procedures are disclosed for the receiver to determine which message elements are likely faulted by measuring the modulation quality, based on how far each message element's modulation deviates from the states of the modulation scheme. The receiver can then indicate, in an acknowledgement for example, which portion of the message needs to be retransmitted. After receiving that retransmitted portion, the receiver can then produce a merged version by substituting the retransmitted portion in the as-received message, or can select the best-quality elements from the two versions for the merged copy, and thereby eliminate most or all of the faults.

Abstract: Autonomous mobile robots may communicate with each other to avoid hazards, mitigate collisions, and facilitate the operation that they are intended for. To enhance such cooperation, it would be highly advantageous if each robot were able to determine which robot, among a plurality of other proximate robots, corresponds to each communication message. The specific identity of each robot is generally unknown to the other robots if a plurality of robots are in range. Systems and methods provided herein can enable robots and other equipped devices to determine the spatial location of each other robot in proximity, by detecting a pulsed localization signal emitted by each of the other robots. In addition, each robot can transmit a self-identifying code, synchronous with the emitted localization signal, so that other robots can associate the proper code with each robot. After such localization and identification, the robots can then cooperate more effectively in mitigating potential collisions.

Abstract: Modulation schemes for 5G/6G are disclosed that include amplitude-variation modulation states as well as prior-art constant-amplitude states. In an amplitude-variation scheme, the amplitude of the transmitted signal is varied during each message element instead of being held constant throughout the message element. The variation may be a stepwise amplitude switch between two amplitude levels, or a linear amplitude ramp, according to the modulation scheme. The amplitude-variations provide many additional modulation states, thereby providing higher bits per message element, so that messages can be made shorter, with no decrease in message content. In addition, methods to mitigate frequency shifts, sideband generation, and signal spill-over to adjacent subcarriers are provided. With amplitude-variation modulation, the network throughput can be increased and expenses can be decreased, according to some embodiments.

Abstract: Disclosed are procedures for measuring the modulation quality of each message resource element in a failed 5G or 6G communication modulated according to pulse-amplitude modulation, thereby revealing the most likely fault locations in the message. A second copy of the message can be merged by selecting the highest quality message elements from each version, where the quality is related to how far each message element's modulation deviates from the calibrated “states” of the modulation scheme. The receiver may also determine directional information based on the modulation of each message element, and may compare versions to determine the most likely correct state of each message element. Such strategies may directly recover the original message, or may greatly reduce the number of variations that need to be tested.

Abstract: When a received message is found to be corrupted in 5G or 6G, the receiver can request a retransmission. If only one message element is faulted, retransmitting the whole message may be a waste. Procedures are disclosed for the receiver to determine which message elements are likely faulted by measuring the modulation quality and optionally other signal quality factors. The receiver can then indicate, in an acknowledgement for example, which portion of the message needs to be retransmitted. After receiving that retransmitted portion, the receiver can then produce a merged version by substituting the retransmitted portion into the as-received message. Alternatively, the receiver can select the best-quality elements from the two versions for the merged copy, and thereby eliminate most or all of the faults. Networks supporting these protocols may have fewer delays, faster responses, improved reliability, and reduced resource usage by avoiding unnecessary retransmission volumes.