Abstract: Short-form demodulation references disclosed herein may enable low-cost receivers to demodulate wireless messages while avoiding complex 5G and 6G protocols, thereby enabling a multitude of cost-constrained applications. Despite their small footprint, the short-form demodulation references enable the receiver to determine all of the amplitude and phase levels of the modulation scheme. In addition, noise and interference can be mitigated by embedding short-form demodulation references within longer messages, thereby providing an immediate refresh of the modulation calibrations, enhancing communication reliability, and avoiding costly message faults despite high background interference. Short-form demodulation references disclosed herein can be used as a default standard demodulation reference in 5G and 6G wireless messages.

Abstract: Efficient message formats and procedures for demarcation of the start and end of downlink messages are disclosed, greatly simplifying the task of user devices in finding and interpreting their downlink messages among a stream of signals on 5G/6G downlink channels. A low-complexity message may begin and/or end with a “gap” (a resource element with no transmission), indicating the message boundaries. The demarcation may also include demodulation references, which may include characteristic patterns according to message type and position. The identification code of the user device may be applied at the start or end of each downlink message to further assist the user device. To select the desired demarcation format, the user device can transmit a request message to the base station, specifying a particular format for demarcations of its downlink messages.