Abstract: An atomic interferometer and methods for measuring phase shifts in interference fringes using the same. The atomic interferometer has a laser beam traversing an ensemble of atoms along a first path and an optical components train with at least one alignment-insensitive beam routing element configured to reflect the laser beam along a second path that is anti-parallel with respect to the first laser beam path. Any excursion from parallelism of the second beam path with respect to the first is rigorously independent of variation of the first laser beam path in yaw parallel to an underlying plane.

Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet light generation apparatus includes a target supplier configured to output a target into a chamber as a droplet, the target generating extreme ultraviolet light when being irradiated with a laser beam in the chamber; a droplet measurement unit configured to measure a parameter for a state of the droplet outputted into the chamber; a pressure regulator configured to regulate a pressure in the target supplier in which the target is accommodated; and a target generation controller configured to control the pressure regulator, based on the parameter measured by the droplet measurement unit.

Abstract: Quantitation of analytes, including but not limited to peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, in mass spectrometry using a labeled peptide coupled to a reporter, and a universal reporter.

Abstract: A spacecraft is propelled by a high energy beam propulsion device that emits a high energy beam, such as a neutron beam, from the spacecraft. The high energy beam propulsion device has a neutron beam source and a neutron beam generator that emits the neutron beam through a magnetic coil. The magnetic coil may be a discrete coil or extend over a length of the neutron beam length. The magnetic coil may be self-contained and utilize natural magnets or may be a powered magnet, wherein the magnetic field is produced by a flow of electrical current. The neutron source may be powered or self-contained and utilizes neutron emitting materials including Californium-252, Cesium-137, and Polonium-Beryllium.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a corona ignition device having: an insulator, which bears an electrically conductive coating, which forms a tubular face; a central electrode, which sits in the insulator and leads to at least one ignition tip; and a holder, in which the insulator sits. According to this disclosure, the insulator has an annular shoulder, on which is situated the end of the tubular face of the coating that faces away from the at least one ignition tip. A method for producing a corona ignition device is also described.

Abstract: In mass spectrometry, ion optics process a received ion beam into an output ion beam travelling in an output direction and having a spatial distribution in a plane perpendicular to the output direction elongated in one dimension of the plane relative to the other dimension of the plane and defines an axis of elongation thereby. A quadrupole ion optical device comprises first and second pairs of opposing elongated electrodes, receiving the output ion beam travelling along the output direction and defining an acceptance axis in a plane perpendicular to the direction of elongation of the first and second pairs of opposing elongated electrodes. The acceptance axis is an axis on which maximum acceptance of ions to the quadrupole ion optical device is attained. The first and second pairs of opposing elongated electrodes are oriented substantially to match the acceptance axis to the axis of elongation defined by the spatial distribution.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to embodiments of microtome devices and methods of their use. In some embodiments, a microtome can be mounted on the built-in stage of a scanning electron microscope and used to perform serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. In some cases, a microtome installed in a scanning electron microscope can cut the sample at a location off the electron beam axis of the scanning electron microscope. In some cases, a microtome can include a capacitive sensor which can measure the location of a blade of the microtome, and the microtome can be computer-controlled by program implemented in MATLAB.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation comprises a polarizable or magnetizable medium. A polarization or magnetisation current can be generated, in a controlled manner, whose distribution pattern has an accelerated motion, so that non-spherically decaying and intense spherically decaying components of electromagnetic radiation can be generated. The coordinated motion of aggregates of charged particles can give rise to extended electric charges and currents. The charged distribution patterns can propagate with a phase speed exceeding the speed of light in vacuo and that, once created, such propagating charged patterns act as sources of electromagnetic fields in precisely the same way as any other moving sources of these fields. That the distribution patterns of these sources travel faster than light is not, of course, in any way incompatible with the requirements of special relativity.

Abstract: A semiconductor carrier profiling method utilizes a scanning tunneling microscope and shielded probe with an attached spectrum analyzer to measure power loss of a microwave frequency comb generated in a tunneling junction. From this power loss and by utilizing an equivalent circuit or other model, spreading resistance may be determined and carrier density from the spreading resistance. The methodology is non-destructive of the sample and allows scanning across the surface of the sample. By not being destructive, additional analysis methods, like deconvolution, are available for use.

Abstract: The present invention provides, in the preparation of a TEM or STEM sample using FIB-SEM, a technique for obtaining a processing end point on the back surface side of the sample. The state of the sample back surface being processed by the FIB is detected using a Kikuchi pattern formed when electrons that have been injected by the SEM are emitted from the sample back surface. Since this Kikuchi pattern is caused by the crystal structure of the sample back surface, the crystal orientation relative to the injected electron beam, and the crystal lattice constants, detecting the pattern allows the processing end point on the back surface side to be obtained during the FIB processing.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to systems including a cell downstream of a mass analyzer. In some instances, the cell is configured as a reaction cell, a collision cell or a reaction/collision cell. The system can be used to suppress unwanted ions and/or remove interfering ions from a stream comprising a plurality of ions.

Abstract: Various embodiments include measurement structures and methods for measuring integrated circuit (IC) images. In some cases, a measurement structure for use in measuring an image of an IC, includes: a first section having a positive shift spacing pattern; a second section, on an opposite side of the measurement structure, having a negative shift spacing pattern; and a third section having a reference spacing pattern for calibrating a measurement from at least one of the first section or the second section.

Abstract: A sub-ambient gas pressure ion separation device is disclosed comprising: an ion entrance aperture having an axis therethrough that extends in a first direction, and an ion exit aperture; wherein the entrance aperture and exit aperture are spatially separated from each other in the first direction and in a second, orthogonal direction; and means for urging ions in said second direction as the ions travel in the first direction, said means for causing ions to separate in said second direction according to a physicochemical property such that ions having a first value, or first range of values, of the physicochemical property exit the device through the exit aperture and other ions having a different value, or different range of values, of said physicochemical property do not exit the device through the exit aperture.

Abstract: Lithographic apparatuses suitable for, and methodologies involving, complementary e-beam lithography (CEBL) are described. In an example, a blanker aperture array (BAA) for an e-beam tool includes a first column of openings along a first direction, each of the openings of the first column of openings having dog-eared corners. The BAA also includes a second column of openings along the first direction and staggered from the first column of openings, each of the openings of the second column of openings having dog-eared corners. The first and second columns of openings together form an array having a pitch in the first direction. A scan direction of the BAA is along a second direction, orthogonal to the first direction. The pitch of the array corresponds to half of a minimal pitch layout of a target pattern of lines for orientation parallel with the second direction.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein include methods for performing intensity-modulated radiation therapy on a subject using a plurality of pencil beams. The methods can include generating a treatment plan for intensity-modulated radiation therapy that satisfies dose constraints for each of a plurality of sub-volumes. The treatment plan can be generated using a superiorization technique that reduces total variation in dose space. Additional dose-volume constraints that permit a fraction of treatment doses to violate a prescription by up to a defined percentage of intensity can be used to assist in determining the treatment plan.

Abstract: A hydroxyl generator unit includes an ultraviolet light source, a reaction chamber within interior space of the hydroxyl generator unit, environmental sensors and a smart optic controller coupled to environmental sensors and to the ultraviolet light source. The smart optic controller integrates environmental conditions, and in response to at least the environmental conditions, the smart optic controller generates an output signal to the ultraviolet light source to control to the hydroxyls generated by the hydroxyl generator unit. The smart optic controller includes at least one of an air flow sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor and a light sensor, to control operation of the hydroxyl generator unit. The smart optic controller includes a microcontroller that interrogates the sensors and that interfaces to external systems. The smart optic controller includes a near field communications circuit attached to a sensor communications link, and a control interface via an RS-485 connection.

Abstract: A method of imaging analyte elements in an organic sample includes providing the sample as a layer on a substrate and reacting the sample on the substrate to produce one or more volatile products that leave the sample while the one or more elements remain in the sample. A majority of the sample layer by weight is removed from the substrate by the reaction and the remaining sample layer is enriched in the one or more elements which are not spatially disturbed by the reaction. The method including subsequently detecting the one or more elements in the concentrated sample layer using an imaging elemental analyzer.

Abstract: A multi charged particle beam exposing method includes setting, in multiple exposures by a plurality of shots of each beam of multi-beams where the plurality of shots continuously irradiate a same irradiation position, a plurality of clock periods including at least one different clock period where the plurality of clock periods individually control an irradiation time of each beam of the multi-beams such that a clock period of at least one exposure processing differs from clock periods of other exposure processing, and exposing respective corresponding irradiation positions on a target object with the multi-beams by controlling, in each exposure processing of the multiple exposures, the irradiation time in exposure processing concerned using a clock period which has been set in the plurality of clock periods including the at least one different clock period.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and methods for performing mass analysis are disclosed. One such apparatus may include an ion trap device for use in a mass analysis system. The ion trap device may comprise an ion trap and a signal generator for applying an excitation signal to the ion trap. The signal generator may include a plurality of oscillators each configured to selectively generate a corresponding sinusoid signal to be selectively combined to form the excitation signal.

Abstract: An optics plate for an ion implantation system, the optics plate comprising a pair of aperture assemblies. Each pair of aperture assemblies respectively comprises a first aperture member, a second aperture member; and an aperture fastener, wherein the aperture fastener fastens the first aperture member to the second aperture member. An aperture tip may be also fastened to the second aperture member. One or more of the first aperture member, second aperture member, aperture tip, and aperture fastener is made of one or more of a refractory metal, tungsten, lanthanated tungsten alloy, yttrium tungsten alloy, and/or graphite and silicon carbide. The aperture assemblies may define an extraction electrode assembly, a ground electrode assembly, or other electrode assembly in the ion implantation system. The aperture fastener may be a screw and a bevel washer. The first aperture member may be operably coupled to a base plate via an aperture assembly fastener.