Abstract: Semiconductor grade tungsten hexafluoride (WF.sub.6) is produced by reacting tungsten metal with a recirculating flow of gaseous WF.sub.6 containing a small concentration of fluorine in a heated reactor. The high purity WF.sub.6 produced is useful for deposition of tungsten metallization in fabricating VLSI integrated circuitry.

Abstract: A process is provided for purifying liquid tungsten hexafluoride containing volatile and non-volatile impurities. The process comprises the steps of evaporating tungsten hexafluoride from non-volatile impurities dissolved in liquid tungsten hexafluoride and condensing the evaporated tungsten hexafluoride. The condensed tungsten hexafluoride is subjected to freezing to solidify the tungsten hexafluoride. Volatile impurities are then evacuated from the solid tungsten hexafluoride. Thereafter, the solid tungsten hexafluoride is thawed to liquid tungsten hexafluoride to release trapped volatile impurities and then heated to a temperature above the boiling point of tungsten hexafluoride under pressure in a closed container. The volatile impurities dissolved in the thawed tungsten hexafluoride are removed and collected above the thawed tungsten hexafluoride and vented into an evacuated space.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate is produced in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment. The process comprises feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorate to the ion exchange compartment, electrolyzing an anolyte in the anode compartment to generate hydrogen ions, passing the hydrogen ions from the anode compartment through a cation exchange membrane into the ion exchange compartment to displace alkali metal ions and produce an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate, passing alkali metal ions from the ion exchange compartment into the cathode compartment, removing the aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate from the ion exchange compartment, and reacting the aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate with a strong acid having a dissociation constant of 1.times.10.sup.

Abstract: A moving fluid containing pollutants including NOx compounds is subjected to a relatively low-power alternating-current dielectric discharge for a relatively long time duration. In this manner, pollutants are oxidized and dissociated while the temperature of the fluid is kept low enough to prevent the formation of new NOx pollutants.

Abstract: Surfactants made by the successive ethoxylation and propoxylation of diamines are effective in providing a fine-grain tin coating in high-speed strip-steel plating operations under conditions of high current density. Surfactants prepared by successive propoxylation and ethoxylation are also effective.

Abstract: A process for preparing an .alpha.-hydroxymethyl acetal by the electrochemical oxidation of a carbonyl compound, e.g. an aliphatic or aromatic aldehyde or ketone, with a C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkanol under non-alkaline conditions and in the presence of an auxiliary electrolyte containing from 0 to 5% and preferably 0.5 to 3% by weight of water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of sublimable oligomers based on phenylene, linear and of controlled length, by electrochemical coupling of two lower oligomers within a monocompartmental cell with three electrodes, in the presence of an organometallic catalyst, characterized in that it comprises:1--electrolysis of the catalyst and its reaction with one of the two oligomers at a first potential,2--reduction of the insertion species obtained according to step 1, and its reaction with a second oligomer at a second potential below the first potential, and3--recovery of the sublimable oligomer so obtained, the two lower oligomers used being mono- or dihalogenated oligomers identical or different.The present invention also relates to sublimable oligomers based on phenylene obtained by this process, and their uses in electronics and/or optics.

Abstract: A Zn-Ni alloy plated steel plate having stable formability may be obtained by subjecting the plated surface of a Zn-Ni alloy plated steel plate having Ni contents of 10 to 17 wt. % to a dipping treatment, a spraying treatment or to an anodic treatment, using a solution containing one or both H.sub.2 PO.sub.4.sup.- and HPO.sub.4.sup.2-.

Abstract: Hydrogen bromide can be oxidized to bromine more effectively using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant if a strong acid (e.g., sulfuric or phosphoric acid) is also present to increase the percent conversion of bromide to bromine.

Abstract: The invention concerns acid nickel baths containing 1-(2-sulfoethyl)-pyridinium betaine

Abstract: A process for purifying a peroxygen compound in an aqueous solution of a peroxygen-stable acid or salt of the acid, comprising contacting the aqueous solution at a pH of about 0.5 to 4 with a chelating ion exchange resin and separating the product as a purified aqueous solution, or optionally as a solid.

Abstract: A composition suitable for use in a process for electroplating surfaces with tin, including an alkane sulphonic acid optionally together with an aryl sulphonic acid; a tin source; and an additive, such as a reaction product of a sulphonating agent with Bisphenol A.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating chlorine dioxide in a reaction medium comprising a flowing gaseous carrier stream thereby providing chlorine dioxide having a low water content for use in oxidizing treatment applications which are sensitive to water. The method of the invention uses a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid, a hypochlorite salt, such as sodium hypochlorite salt and a chlorite salt, such as sodium chlorite salt, as reactants for generating ClO.sub.2. Air is the preferred gaseous carrier stream.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate is produced in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A solution for electroplating gold-copper-silver alloys. The solution comprises gold, copper and silver, each in the form of a cyanide complex. The solution further comprises a divalent sulfur compound capable of brightening and leveling the electroplated deposit of the gold-copper-silver alloy. Optionally, a source of cyanide ions such as a free alkali cyanide, is included in the solution. In addition, additives such as surface active agents, buffers and/or conductivity salts may also be included to impart a particular feature or characteristic to the solution. The invention additionally comprises a process for electroplating up to about 20 microns of a gold-copper-silver alloy upon a substrate utilizing these novel solutions. The alloy is deposited upon a substrate which is immersed in the solution, by electroplating at a current density of between about 1 and 15 ASF, a pH of between about 8-11 at a temperature of between about 100.degree.-170.degree. F.

Abstract: The electrodeposition of bismuth based materials and superconductors is achieved under isothermal, constant potential conditions using a three electrode, one compartment cell geometry operating at temperature below about 450.degree. C.

Abstract: A treating solution for forming a hydroxide film on each surface of zinc-plated steel plates by cathodic electrolysis is here disclosed which comprises (a) 0.2 to 50 g/l of one or more metal ions selected from the group consisting of Mg.sup.2+, Cr.sup.3+, Ca.sup.2+, Ni.sup.2+, Co.sup.2+ and Al.sup.3+, and (b) 0.1 to 50 g/l of one or more oxidizing agents selected from the group consisting of nitrate ions, nitrite ions, chlorate ions, bromate ions and hydrogen peroxide. A process for the surface treatment of the zinc-plated steel plates by the use of this treating solution is also disclosed.

Abstract: A gaseous mixture containing chlorine, carbon dioxide and non-condensable gas is compressed and cooled to separate it into a residual gas formed principally of a major portion of the non-condensable gas and a condensate formed primarily of chlorine. The condensate is fed to a stripping column to desorb carbon dioxide and a minor portion of the non-condensable gas dissolved in the condensate. The stripped gas formed primarily of chlorine and carbon dioxide may be treated further. Namely, the stripped gas is mixed with the residual gas. At least a portion of the mixed gas is fed into an absorption column, whereby a major portion of remaining chlorine is absorbed to lower the chlorine content Removal of chlorine from such a gaseous mixture or an off-gas from the above process can be achieved by washing it with an aqueous solution or suspension containing an alkali metal sulfite and/or an alkaline earth metal sulfite while controlling the pH of the solution or suspension within a range of 1.9-6.3.

Abstract: A method has been devised for removing chromium ion from a chromium ion containing liquid and recovering chromium oxide in an usable form by (a) adjusting the temperature of the liquid to an optimal temperature to maximize reduction and simultaneous precipitation of the chromium oxide; (b) adding a reducing agent to the liquid to form a mixture, where the reducing agent is at least one inorganic sulfur compound selected from the group of sulfur compounds where sulfur is in the 4.sup.+ oxidation state and (c) adjusting the pH of the mixture to a pH between 5 and 7.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous flow fluid reactor for chemically altering fluids. The reactor operates on standard frequency (50 to 60 Hz) electricity. The fluid reactor contains particles that are energized by the electricity to form a corona throughout the volume of the reactor and subsequently a non-equilibrium plasma that interacts with the fluid. Particles may form a fixed bed or a fluid bed. Electricity may be provided through electrodes or through an inductive coil. Fluids include gases containing exhaust products and organic fuels requiring oxidation.