Abstract: A rectification column for multi-component mixture separation with internal heat and mass exchange, which ensures a heat and mass exchange in the film mode with internal reflux generation along the whole length of heat and mass exchange tubes and which allows for an increased efficiency, is proposed. The rectification column includes the rectifying/enriching section with the heat and mass exchange in its tubular and annular spaces being topped by a heat carrier distributor with a distributor chamber (17) on top of the heat carrier distributor in such a way that a higher pressure of fluid heat carrier in the distributor chamber (17) than in the annular space is allowed. The design of the distributor allows to separate an upper outlet for heat carrier vapors and a lower outlet for liquid heat carrier from the annular space completely from the fluid supply of fluid heat carrier in the distributor chamber. A feed-in device allows the multi-component mixture to enter the tubular spaces from below.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a selective adsorption process aimed at reducing the content of nitrogen organic compounds (NOC's) that is present in hydrotreating loads (HDT) for the production of ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD below 15 ppm), which is carried out at ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, without hydrogen, using adsorbing materials with organic metal structure MIL-101-Cr-MX+ (MOF MIL-101-Cr-MX+), where MX+ can be any metal cation such as Mg2+, Al3+ or Ti4+. Likewise, the present invention considers the preparation of extrudates and the regeneration of the employed MOF adsorbent materials. In this sense, it is worth noting that the diesel HDT loads to which the present invention is referred to are hydrocarbon currents with distillation temperatures ranging from 150 to 400° C.

Abstract: Configurations and related processing schemes of specific inter-plants and hybrid, intra- and inter-plants waste heat recovery schemes for thermal energy consumption reduction in integrated refining-petrochemical facilities synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of specific inter-plants and hybrid, intra- and inter-plants waste heat recovery schemes for thermal energy consumption reduction in integrated refining-petrochemical facilities synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

Abstract: There is proposed a method for pre-reforming a hydrocarbonaceous feed stream into a pre-reforming product containing carbon oxides, hydrogen and hydrocarbons, in which the adiabatically operated pre-reforming reactor comprises at least two reaction zones designed as fixed beds in a common reactor vessel, which are in fluid connection with each other and are filled with beds of granular, nickel-containing catalyst active for pre-reforming, wherein the first reaction zone in flow direction is filled with a catalyst active for high-temperature pre-reforming and the last reaction zone in flow direction is filled with a catalyst active for low-temperature pre-reforming.

Abstract: A process for producing olefins from oxygenates includes the following steps: (i) heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of at least one oxygenate to a stream containing propylene, aromatics and cyclic olefins, (ii) at least partial hydrogenation of the aromatics and cyclic olefins to naphthenes, and (iii) at least partial recirculation of the naphthenes into the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion.

Abstract: An apparatus pyrolyzes waste plastics into fuel. The apparatus categorizes the waste plastic, and processes the categorized waste plastic to obtain kerosene, diesel fuel, gasoline etc. The apparatus includes a first heat exchange tank, a rough fuel storage tank, a second heat exchange tank, a diesel storage tank, and a kerosene storage tank. Combustible gas is extracted from the tanks via outlets thereof and stored in a gas storage tank. The combustible gas stored in the gas storage tank is fed into a combustion chamber of a pyrolysis furnace of the apparatus. A fuel-water separate tank is connected to the bottom of the rough fuel storage tank to separate fuel from water. The separated fuel is recycled into the combustion chamber to be burned again. Recycled paper with residual plastic films thereon has to be compressed into grains to facilitate a feeding operation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of biomass derived fuels. It further relates to thermochemical production of liquids (biooils) from biomass. Specifically the present invention relates to methods of upgrading biooil. More specifically it relates to a method for upgrading biooil comprising contacting a dispersed mixture of hydrocarbon liquids, biooil, and partially upgraded biooil, with a transition metal containing catalyst and hydrogen gas at a temperature of around 330° C. and a pressure of about 1700 psi (11.7 MPa) for a period of time sufficient to reduce the oxygen content of the biooil such that it separates on cooling into an aqueous phase and an organic phase, and optionally, to further subject the organic phase to hydrotreating, hydrocracking or catalytic cracking to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel.

Abstract: A process for the production of para-xylene is presented. The process includes the isomerization of C8 aromatics to para-xylene utilizing a new catalyst. The new catalyst and designated as UZM-54 is represented by the empirical composition in the as synthesized and anhydrous basis expressed by the empirical formula of: Mmn+R1 r1p1+R2 r2p2+Al1-xExSiyOz where M is an alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth metal such as sodium and/or potassium, R1 and R2 are organoammonium cation and E is a framework element such as gallium, iron, boron, or indium. UZM-54 are characterized by unique x-ray diffraction patterns, high meso surface area, low Si/Al ratios.

Abstract: Configurations and related processing schemes of specific direct or indirect inter-plants integration for energy consumption reduction synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of specific direct or indirect inter-plants integration for energy consumption reduction for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

Abstract: An FCC unit enables the normal regenerator to be eliminated by carrying out catalyst regeneration in the reactor section of the unit using air, oxygen-enriched air or even relatively pure oxygen as the stripping medium in the stripping section of the reactor while maintaining overall reducing conditions so that sulfur and nitrogen are produced in the form of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other reduced species. The combustion gases from the stripper are sent from the reactor with the cracking vapors to the FCC main fractionator, wet gas compressor and gas plant to process the by-products of the coke combustion along with the FCC reactor effluent. The principle is applicable to grass-roots FCC units with its potential for elimination of a major unit component but it also has potential for application to existing units to reduce the load on the regenerator or eliminate the need for the existing regenerator so that an existing regenerator may be converted to a parallel or auxiliary reactor system.

Abstract: A process for producing olefins from oxygenates comprises the following steps: (i) heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of at least one oxygenate to an entire stream containing propylene, aromatics and cyclic olefins; (ii) olefin interconversion of at least a part of the entire stream; (iii) separation of a stream rich in aromatics from the reaction product of the olefin interconversion; and (iv) hydrogenation of the stream rich in aromatics.

Abstract: Configurations and related processing schemes of specific inter-plants and hybrid, intra- and inter-plants waste heat recovery schemes for thermal energy consumption reduction in integrated refining-petrochemical facilities synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of specific inter-plants and hybrid, intra- and inter-plants waste heat recovery schemes for thermal energy consumption reduction in integrated refining-petrochemical facilities synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

Abstract: In a desalination system, a water-repellent particle layer is provided at a lower portion of a water tank and composed of water-repellent particles. A devolatilizing layer is provided below the layer. Liquid is provided in the tank and is heated for evaporation, and obtained vapor passes through the particle layer and is liquefied at the devolatilizing layer, so that freshwater is obtained from the liquid. The particle layer includes a first and a second particle layers composed of discriminable first and second particles. A particle measuring unit measures an amount of the second water-repellent particles. A decision unit decides whether or not the measured amount of the second water-repellent particles is equal to or more than a predetermined value. A controller alerts when the decision unit decides that the amount of the second particles is equal to or more than the predetermined value.

Abstract: A process for managing hydrates and hydrocarbon-based solids in a hydrocarbon stream. The process includes: introducing the hydrocarbon stream into an inlet of a system comprising at least a first cold flow reactor and a second cold flow reactor, each cold flow reactor comprising a heat exchanger and at least one static mixer; directing at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream to the first cold flow reactor; cooling the portion of the hydrocarbon stream directed to the first cold flow reactor to a temperature less than the hydrate formation temperature, the temperature effective to substantially complete hydrate formation upon exiting the system to form a hydrate and hydrocarbon-based solids managed hydrocarbon stream; directing a lesser portion of the hydrocarbon stream to the second cold flow reactor; and remediating the second cold flow reactor by removing hydrate or hydrocarbon-based solids formed on internal surfaces of the second cold flow reactor.

Abstract: A catalyst can be used to convert an alcohol in a dehydration process into an olefin having the same number of carbon atoms as the alcohol. The catalyst can include a phosphorus modified zeolite made by providing a zeolite with at least one ten member ring in the structure, steaming the zeolite, mixing the zeolite with binders and shaping additives, and shaping the zeolite. An ion-exchange step can be performed, and the shaped catalyst can be steamed. Phosphorus can be introduced on the catalyst at an amount of at least 0.1 wt %, such as by dry impregnation or chemical vapor deposition. A metal can be introduced. The catalyst can be washed and/or calcinated, and steamed in an equilibration step. The steaming severity (X) can be at least about 2. The catalyst can be steamed at a temperature above 625° C., such as a temperature ranging from 700 to 800° C.

Abstract: A desalination apparatus that includes: a water-repellent particle layer that is located below a water tank, contains water-repellent particles, and allows passage of water vapor generated by evaporation of the liquid stored in the water tank, the water tank being a space for storing the liquid; and a liquefying layer that is located below the water-repellent particle layer, and liquefies the water vapor that has passed through the water-repellent particle layer to obtain the fresh water. The water-repellent particle layer includes: a first layer that contains first water-repellent particles among the water-repellent particles, and faces the water tank; and a second layer that contains second water-repellent particles among the water-repellent particles, and is provided below the first layer. The second water-repellent particles have a larger average particle size than the first water-repellent particles.

Abstract: A method of predicting the tendency of a heavy oil feed to generate coke deposits in the FCC riser under a given set of operating parameters in the unit; thus, by utilizing operating parameters appropriate to the feed, the formation of coke deposits in the riser may be minimized. The margin between the theoretical dew point of the hydrocarbon feed established from unit operating parameters and the theoretical mix zone temperature in the feed injection zone of the unit is developed by applying a regression-derived linear model from multiple rigorous model runs. The mix zone of the unit is then operated at a temperature which reduces the level of riser coking predicted from this ascertainable margin or, at least, maintains it within levels which are predictable and acceptable.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus includes a first distillation column and one or more second distillation columns. A higher-pressure part of the first distillation column includes at least part of a rectifying section, and performs gas-liquid contact at a relatively high pressure. A lower pressure-part of the first distillation column includes at least part of a stripping section and performs gas-liquid contact at a relatively low pressure. A vapor line, which includes a pressurizing means, directs a vapor discharged from a column top of the lower-pressure part to a column bottom of the higher-pressure part. A liquid line directs a liquid discharged from the column bottom of the higher-pressure part to the column top of the lower pressure part. Corresponding heat exchange structures transfer heat in both directions between the rectifying section of the first distillation column and at least one second distillation column.

Abstract: Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect inter-plants (or both) heating systems synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect inter-plants (or both) heating systems synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

Abstract: Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect (or both) intra-plants and thermally coupled heating systems synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of direct or indirect (or both) intra-plants and thermally coupled heating systems synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.