Abstract: An automatic calibration technique for a gas analyzer includes applying electrical energy to a source that is different from the level used to detect gas concentration in order to produce a different level of radiation from that used to detect gas concentration. The reduced level is applied with a non-absorbing gas in the gas sample chamber. The detector output at the reduced level is resolved to a calibration factor. The instrument can be linearized by repeating the calibration procedure at multiple different levels of reduced source radiation. In one embodiment, a source assembly is provided that includes a plurality of infrared emitters to which is applied modulated electrical energy in a timed sequence in order to produce output levels for three component gas concentrations. A filter between each one of the sources and a detector pass radiation at an absorption line of one of the component gases.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for picking up and displaying a stereoscopic image from an object permeated with radioactive rays. In accordance with the method, a plurality of radioactive rays which are non-parallel with each other are directed substantially simultaneously onto an object to generate a plurality of superimposed images of the object. The superimposed images of the object are divided into a plurality of discrete partial images formed on a pickup surface, so that each point of the object will be included in a plurality of the partial images, with the partial images showing the same point being spatially separated from one another on the pickup surface, A stereoscopic image of the object is then reconstructed by processing the partial images so that partial images generated by each of the sources of the radioactive rays will be respectively used to generate separate images of the object to form the stereoscopic image of the object.

Abstract: A laser scanning optical system is so arranged to comprise an optical converting unit, an optical scanning unit, and an optical converging unit. Here, the optical converting unit is composed of two axicon prisms which are arranged such that apexes thereof are opposed forward or backward to each other at a predetermined distance and optical axes thereof are coincident with each other and which are made of respective materials having a same refractive index and shaped with a same apical angle. By this, the laser beam incident into the optical converting unit becomes a cylindrical ray bundle having an annular cross-sectional intensity perpendicular to the optical axis. Therefore, the cylindrical ray bundle is changed in the traveling direction by the optical scanning unit to be scanned and is then converged by the optical converging unit to become a Bessel beam having a high energy utilization factor, a high resolution and a long focal depth.

Abstract: An apparatus for the inspection of hot glass containers for faults comprises a camera (1) sensitive to infrared radiation located opposite the path of travel of the hot glass container (6) through an inspection zone (13). The image of each hot glass container is processed by electronic means (2) into regions and the data for each region is compared with predetermined parameters to determine whether or not the glass container is defective.

Abstract: A reticle is inspected for color center defects by using excimer laser used for pattern transfer to a wafer to cause fluoresence of the color centers.

Abstract: A neutron detector sensitive principally to epithermal neutrons is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a neutron counter is substantially surrounded by a reflector composed of material having a high neutron scattering cross section. The reflector is then wrapped in a shield which is composed of a thermal neutron absorber. In a specific embodiment of the invention, the counter, reflector and shield are mounted inside a neutron moderator which can be composed of plastic.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and systems for detecting a labeled marker on a sample located on a support. The imaging system comprises a body for immobilizing the support, an excitation radiation source and excitation optics to generate and direct the excitation radiation at the sample. In response, labeled material on the sample emits radiation which has a wavelength that is different from the excitation wavelength, which radiation is collected by collection optics and imaged onto a detector which generates an image of the sample.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for monitoring polycondensation or polyaddition reactions by measuring the OH, NH or NCO value or acid value of participating reactants by means of infra-red ATR spectroscopy of the associated, temperature-dependent absorption bands and compensating for the temperature dependence by calibrating the self-absorption of the ATR measuring crystal.

Abstract: An improved infrared ray sensor driving circuit capable of advantageously controlling an amplifying level and a cut-off frequency of a filter by separating the functions of an amplifier and a filter, respectively. The circuit includes an impedance matching circuit for converting a high impedance of the signals detected to a low impedance signal, a first amplifying circuit for amplifying signals outputted from the impedance matching circuit by a first predetermined gain, a filtering circuit for filtering the signals outputted from the first amplifying circuit to pass frequencies of a predetermined bandwidth, and a second amplifying circuit for amplifying the signals outputted from the filtering circuit by a second predetermined gain.

Abstract: A light beam is passed through a tube containing a material being monitored and a contaminant wherein the light is absorbed by the contaminant or some form of the contaminant to the exclusion of the material being monitored. Since the amount of light passing through the tube is a function of the amount of contaminant in the tube, the amount of light detected at the downstream end of the tube is a function of the amount of contaminant in the material being monitored. The detected light can be used to provide a quantitative indication of the contaminant, to provide an alarm, to shut down the system to which the material being monitored is being delivered or for other purposes. When the material being monitored is HCl gas and the contaminant is moisture, the tube will generally be stainless steel to avoid galvanic effects since the remainder of the pipe system is generally also stainless steel and the light frequency will be from about 1.0 to about 2.

Abstract: An analyzer capable of detecting a light element, such as Na, capable of evaluating a sample having an uneven surface, such as a pattern-carrying wafer without destroying and damaging the same. The analyzer is of simple construction, is simple in operation, is safe for the human body, and is capable of identifying the composition of a minute amount of impurities and fine particles deposited on the surface of a sample. The analyzer has a sample retaining stage, an ultraviolet ray-emitting light source, a collector for collecting the ultraviolet rays generated by the light source and for applying the resultant rays to the surface of a sample, and a detector for detecting the light emitted from the surface of the sample to which the ultraviolet rays have been applied.

Abstract: A neutron dose equivalent detector for measuring neutron dose capable of accurately responding to neutron energies according to published fluence to dose curves. The neutron dose equivalent meter has an inner sphere of polyethylene, with a middle shell overlying the inner sphere, the middle shell comprising RTV.RTM. silicone (organosiloxane) loaded with boron. An outer shell overlies the middle shell and comprises polyethylene loaded with tungsten. The neutron dose equivalent meter defines a channel through the outer shell, the middle shell, and the inner sphere for accepting a neutron counter tube. The outer shell is loaded with tungsten to provide neutron generation, increasing the neutron dose equivalent meter's response sensitivity above 8 MeV.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the basis weight of a web-shaped material under test comprises a radioactive .beta. radiation source on one side of the material under test and a .beta. radiation detector on the other side of the material under test. For focusing the electrons emitted by the radioactive .beta. radiation source, a magnetic field is provided, such that for the same source activity, significantly more .beta. particle intensity is available on the material under test for measuring the transmission.

Abstract: A device for indicating the percentage of ultraviolet radiation which reaches the earth's surface for a given position of the Sun's altitude. The device consists of a planar member having a gnomon-like member affixed within its center. The gnomon-like member marks the center of nine (9) spaced concentric rings inscribed on a top surface of the planar member. The innermost circle is labeled 90%, the second 80% and so on to an outer edge. The radius for the circumference of each ring is calculated by a mathematical formula which correlates the altitude of the sun with a percentage amount of UV-B that reaches the surface of the earth.

Abstract: In a system which corrects for attenuation artifacts in a SPECT study, a line source is parallel to the axis of rotation of the scintillation camera detector(s) and is scanned in a plane which is parallel to the detector. Advantageously, the line source is initially scanned at high speed across the detector to acquire preliminary transmission CT data and is subsequently scanned across the detector at lower speed to acquire additional transmission CT data. During rescanning, the shuttering of the line source, and/or the speed of the line source, is varied. This acquires transmission CT data which is more reliable and from which the attenuation of the patient may be more accurately calculated.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a UV signal in the presence of background solar radiation comprises: a first filter system disposed along an optical axis being responsive to a light flux containing background solar radiation and a UV signal for passing UV light wavelengths below a selected UV wavelength and having a very sharp wavelength cutoff to substantially block wavelengths within a first selected wavelength band above the first selected UV wavelength; second and third filter systems serially disposed along the optical axis and tilted off the optical axis with respect to each other are selectively responsive to light from the first filter system for sequentially passing UV light wavelengths below the selected UV wavelength and substantially blocking visible light within the first selected wavelength band; a downconverter transforms the UV signal light from the third filter system to visible light in a second selected wavelength band; a dielectric coating disposed adjacent to the downconverter and between the

Abstract: A device capable of storing information, comprising a new sulfide alloy embedded in a substrate, the alloy exhibiting a metal-semiconductor phase transition with hysteresis as a function of temperature and a positive temperature coefficient. In one embodiment of the device the bistable material may be represented by the formula Ba(Co.sub.1-x Ni.sub.x)S.sub.2-y, wherein x is between 0 and 1 and y varies from 0-2.

Abstract: A non-zero feedback radiant flux reduces a radiant flux sensor's primary response excursion by keeping the total radiant flux on the sensor virtually constant. An increase in signal radiant flux is countered by a virtually equal decrease in feedback radiant flux. Reduced primary response excursion suppresses the effects of energy storage mechanisms within the sensor. Smaller response excursions decrease the sensor's response time and nonlinearity. Since many radiant flux feedback sources are virtually noiseless, radiant flux feedback does not degrade the sensor's Noise Figure.

Abstract: A passive infra-red detection apparatus is described, which comprises an infrared sensor array (16) mounted in a housing (10), and a focusing reflector system (20, 22) and focusing refractor (14) which focus infra-red radiation from different distance ranges onto the sensor array (16). The sensor array (16) comprises at least three sensing elements or groups of elements (16A, 16B, 16C) spaced apart transversely with respect to the lens axis of the focusing refractor (14). Thus in combination with a multiple reflector (20, 22) having at least three reflector surfaces and/or a multiple focusing refractor (14), the sensor array receives several different views spaced apart transversely thereby providing a wider viewing angle than the prior art construction. Thus, the present detector is more suited to use with a closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance system.

Abstract: An optical imaging system for generating a seamless image during, for example, X-ray imaging procedures. The imaging system features at least two optical detectors, each including an optically active region for generating separate light-induced images, and a fiber optic plate separated by a groove into first and second fiber-containing sections. Each of the first and second sections are connected to a separate optical detector so that, during operation, fibers contained in these sections function to deliver light exclusively to the optically active regions of the connected detectors, thereby allowing generation of separate light-induced images. These images can then be combined to form a seamless image.