Abstract: The present application provides methods of igniting a fuel source with a lighter fluid composition including fusel oil; self-lighting charcoal briquettes infused with fusel oil, flammable compositions including fusel oil, methods of making flammable compositions including fusel oil, and lighter devices including fusel oil.

Abstract: The present invention provides a friction material used for a disc brake pad, which is able to secure the braking effectiveness and the wear resistance under the high speed and high load braking conditions while satisfying laws and regulations relating to the required amount of the content of the copper component. A friction material used for a disc brake pad, which is manufactured by forming a non-asbestos organic friction material composition, in which the friction material composition contains 1-15 weight % of ferrous sulfide (FeS) particles relative to the total amount of the friction material composition as a lubricant, and the total amount of the copper component involved in the friction material composition is less than 5 weight % relative to the total amount of the friction material composition. Furthermore, it is preferable to contain 0.

Abstract: Natural liquid potassium soap compositions and methods of manufacturing and using the same are provided with thickening by the addition of chloride salts, such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. The natural liquid potassium soap compositions may contain one or more fatty acids with carbon length ranging from four (C4) to twenty-two (C22) or natural fatty acid mixtures with coconut oil, olive oil, tallow, sunflower oil, safflower oil, and/or tall oil fatty acids which are saponified with lye. The saponification lye is preferably potassium hydroxide. Preferred embodiments contain potassium salts of fatty acids comprising at least oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9), olive oils, coconut oils or mixtures thereof. The chloride salt is added in either solid or liquid form following saponification and neutralization.

Abstract: A system and method for the separation of nut or seed oil from shelled nuts or seeds are disclosed. The method comprises the grinding of shelled nuts or seeds and at least one carbohydrate for a length of time sufficient to promote nut or seed oil separation, leaving behind defatted nut or seed dough that can be further processed into a food product such as snack bar or nut milk. A system for the separation of nut or seed oil from shelled nuts or seeds comprises sources for both shelled nuts or seeds and at least one carbohydrate, and a grinding unit comprising at least one movable member, optional stationary member, and a vessel.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method for the removal of inorganic components such as potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus and heavy metals, from biomass of rural or forest or urban origin or even mixture of different origin biomasses, from low quality coals such as peat, lignite and sub-bituminous/bituminous coals, from urban/industrial origin residues/wastes, which are possible to include as much organic—>5% weight—as inorganic—<95% weight—charge and from sewage treatment plant sludges. The desired goal is achieved with the physicochemical treatment of the raw material. The method can also include the thermal treatment, which can precede or follow the physicochemical one. The application of the thermal treatment depends on the nature and the particular characteristics of each raw material as well as on the feasibility analysis of the whole process in order to determine the optimization point in each case.

Abstract: A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improving solubility and fuel efficiency, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. The formulated oil has a composition including a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and at least one metal salt of a carboxylic acid, as a minor component; wherein the metal salt of the carboxylic acid contains no sulfur or phosphorus; wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), and mixtures thereof; wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic carboxylic acid, a cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof; wherein the molar ratio of (zinc+palladium+silver+gold)/phosphorus of said formulated oil is greater than 1.0. The lubricating oils are useful in internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a high performance calcium sulfonate greases with enhanced performance benefits and methods for making the same.

Abstract: A fuel composition which includes at least: a fuel from one or more sources selected from the group that comprises mineral, plant and synthetic sources; a compound (T1) selected among polyalkylene glycols, C1-C12 alkyl and polyalkylene glycol ethers, and the mixtures thereof; and a compound (T2) selected among the non-ionic emulsifiers. Also, an additive composition including at least: a compound (T1) selected among the C1-C6 alkyl and polyethylene glycol ethers including two to six units of ethylene glycol; a compound (T2) selected among the esters of one or more C1-C36 alkenyl carboxylic or alkyl carboxylic acids, and a polyol selected among sorbitan and isosorbide, taken alone or mixed together; and possibly a detergent additive. Further, a method for preventing, avoiding or delaying the formation of ice crystals or flakes in a tank of a vehicle provided with an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A method for preparing a briquette binder using a landfill leachate and a method for producing an industrial briquette using the briquette binder. The landfill leachate is modified by sulfonation and amination, and is mixed with the modified rice straws to prepare the briquette binder, so as to effectively use the products generated in garbage processing to realize secondary economic benefits in garbage processing. The industrial briquette is produced by the prepared briquette binder, and the industrial briquette is used as steam coal or metallurgical coal with large briquette consumption, so as to promote the resource utilization of the landfill leachate, reduce the cost in preparation of the briquette binder and enhance benefits.

Abstract: An antioxidant package composition including a combination of: (i) at least one aromatic amine, and (ii) at least one polyether sulphide; a lubricant composition including: (a) the above antioxidant package and (b) at least one base oil; a process for preparing the antioxidant package; and a process for preparing the lubricant composition.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to fuel additives and methods for reducing a NOx produced by combusting a liquid fuel, the method comprising combining the liquid fuel and an additive, forming an enriched combustible fuel composition, wherein the additive comprises at least one compound according to Formula I, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of HO, EtO, PrO, BuO, i-PrO, and t-BuO; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (C?O)R3, C1-18 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl alcohol, C2-18 monounsaturated alkyl, and C4-18 polyunsaturated alkyl; and R3 is selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl alcohol, C2-18 monounsaturated alkyl, and C4-18 polyunsaturated alkyl, wherein each stereoisomer is selected from the group consisting of E, Z, R, and S, and wherein combusting the enriched combustible fuel would produce an exhaust gas comprising from about 2% to about 98% of the NOx produced by combusting the liquid fuel alone.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for synthesizing a nano-emulsion fuel composition. The method may include forming a water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing water into a fossil fuel in the presence of a surfactant, synthesizing carbon quantum dots with an average diameter between 0.5 nanometers to 20 nanometers, forming a mixture of the synthesized carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion by dispersing the synthesized carbon quantum dots into the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion; the carbon quantum dots comprising 1 ppm to 10000 ppm of the mixture, and forming a nano-emulsion fuel composition by mixing a biofuel into the mixture of carbon quantum dots and the water-in-fossil fuel emulsion.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: Systems for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: A structural reinforcement for an article including a carrier that includes: (i) a mass of polymeric material having an outer surface; and (is) at least one consolidated fibrous insert having an outer surface and including at least one elongated fiber arrangement having a plurality of ordered fibers arranged in a predetermined manner. The fibrous insert is envisioned to adjoin the mass of the polymeric material in a predetermined location for carrying a predetermined load that is subjected upon the predetermined location (thereby effectively providing localized reinforcement to that predetermined location). The fibrous insert and the mass of polymeric material are of compatible materials, structures or both, for allowing the fibrous insert to be at least partially joined to the mass of the polymeric material. Disposed upon at least a portion of the carrier will be a mass of activatable material.

Abstract: This provides a system and method for constructing and employing a wire carrier for use in reinforcing the attachment channel of weather seals that includes an expansion and compression resisting element located along at least one bending axis of the carrier when it is folded and molded into the attachment channel of the weather seal. The resisting element can be combined with warp yarns that allow limited expansion and compression along other axes, but in combination with the element prevent collapse of the seal that results in and uneven surface and/or visible kinks. The resisting element can comprise at least one undulating (sinusoidal) wire that is attached (e.g. by welding, soldering, etc.) to the individual crossing carrier wires. Alternatively, the resisting element can comprise another type of structure, such as a thin metal or polymer strip. Likewise, the undulating wire(s) can be constructed from a polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil phase and an aqueous phase, and a primary surfactant, wherein the oil phase is dispersed in the aqueous phase, and wherein the oil-in-water emulsion has: an average droplet size distribution (D[4,3]) in the range of from 3 to 15 um and less than 3 wt % of the droplets have a particle size of greater than 125 um; a viscosity of greater than 100 and up to 700 mPas at 50° C.+?10% and 20 s?1+?10%; and a static stability of less than 5% residue after centrifugation at 50° C.+?10% and 2000 g=10% for 30 minutes+?10%.

Abstract: The present invention relates to substrates comprising a coating on the surface thereof containing colorant complexes made from specific anionic dyes complexed with cationic compounds, such as substrates having a coating thereon intended to mimic the look and feel of leather. The inventive colored coatings have superior compatibility, transparency, solvent fastness, non-migration and water fastness properties.

Abstract: Coconut oil, coconut oil blends that are high in MCTs such as LouAna® liquid coconut oil, pure MCT oils, and Omega-3 oils may be emulsified to create an emulsified oil or blend that may take the form of a creamy shot or a cream substitute. These oils and/or blends may be emulsified using an emulsifier that may be selected from the following: sunflower lecithin, sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL), or a combination of sunflower lecithin and SSL. By emulsifying these oils/oil blends, a good tasting creamy shot or a cream substitute can be formed.

Abstract: A free-standing solid composite intumescent structure has at least one bendable metal mesh, preferably at least two, secured on or in a bendable intumescent sheet material. The structure is bendable by a bending force into a shape at a temperature above ?10° C. while retaining the bended shape when the bending force is removed. The intumescent sheet material has 10 wt % or more, based on total weight of the sheet material, of a polymeric resin; inorganic filler; and, an intumescent component. Fire protection barriers can be made from the free-standing solid composite intumescent structure, which can be used in fire protection systems where the fire protection barrier is installed on a substrate, for example steel building elements.