Abstract: The present invention relates to a low-fat water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion comprising a fat phase in an amount of at most 60 wt % relative to the total weight of the emulsion, an aqueous phase dispersed within the fat phase and an emulsifier composition, said emulsifier composition comprising an Acetone-insoluble (AI) component containing a Phosphatidyl Choline (PC), a Phosphatidyl Inositol (PI), a Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE) and a Phosphatidic Acid (PA), wherein PC is in an amount of at most 15.5% relative to the total weight of the emulsifier composition and wherein the emulsifier composition is characterized by a weight ratio R of at most 65%, the ratio R being defined as (1) wherein PC+PI+PE+PA is the sum of the individual weights of the respective constituents of the AI component and AI is the total weight of the AI component.

Abstract: A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (X): wherein R0, R1, R2 and R3 is each individually an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group and R includes an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl moiety having at least 5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The disclosed invention is a process for liquefaction of hydrolysis residue of lignocellulosic biomass, original lignocellulosic biomass or municipal solid waste in alcohol-water media at alkaline conditions, for the production of low-Mw bio-oils. The disclosed process is characterized in that it works for the direct liquefaction of the biomass, and operates under mild conditions (<300° C. and <10 MPa) employing alkali compounds as catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CaO, Na2CO3, K2CO3, Ca(OH)2 or Ba(OH)2). The process is further characterized in that it employs mixed solvents (glycerol-water, ethylene-glycol, water, glycerol-alcohol-water or ethylene-glycol-alcohol water), where all solvents are recyclable and reusable. The low-Mw bio-oils from hydrolysis residue of lignocellulosic biomass, original lignocellulosic biomass or municipal solid waste can be utilized as a liquid bio-fuel or bio-based chemicals for the production of various bio-based materials.

Abstract: Copolymers having General Formula (I): in which R1 is chosen from divalent C4-C7 aliphatic groups and divalent C4-C7 heteroaliphatic groups, optionally substituted with one or more C1-C6 aliphatic groups, heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, or combinations thereof, where: the divalent C4-C7 heteroaliphatic groups include one or two heteroatoms independently chosen from O, N, and S, and the maximum number of heteroatoms in R1 is two; x is a molar fraction range chosen from 0.05 to 0.95; and y is a molar fraction range chosen from 0.05 to 0.95, where the summation of x and y equals 1. Methods for inhibiting formation of clathrate hydrates in a fluid capable of forming the clathrate hydrates. The methods include contacting the fluid with at least one copolymer of General Formula (I) under conditions suitable for forming the clathrate hydrates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a copolymer obtainable by copolymerization of (A) at least one unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof, (B) at least one ?-olefin having from at least 6 up to and including 20 carbon atoms, (C) optionally at least one C3- to C20-alkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or a mixture of such alkyl esters and (D) optionally one or more further copolymerizable monomers other than monomers (A), (B) and (C), with a molar incorporation ratio of (A):(B):(C):(D) of 1:0.5 to 2.0:0 to less than 0.5:0 to 0.1 followed by the reaction with at least one dialkylamine (E), where the two alkyl radicals in the at least one dialkylamine (E) are independently alkyl radicals having at least 17 up to 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Metal alloy knit fabrics, thermal protective members formed therefrom and their methods of construction are disclosed. This unique capability to knit high temperature metal alloy wire that is drapable allows for the creation of near net-shape preforms at production level speed. Additionally, ceramic insulation can also be integrated concurrently to provide increased thermal protection. The metal alloy knit fabrics described herein overcome the limitations of current welded stainless steel mesh seal coverings by providing coverings that withstand higher operational temperatures than stainless steel, are wear and snag resistant, can be a separate seal layer or as a portion of an integrated seal construction, can accommodate tight curvature changes to achieve complex shapes without wrinkling or buckling, and can be joined in the knitting process, sewed or mechanically fastened, without the need for welding.

Abstract: A method of producing advanced carbon materials can include providing coal to a processing facility, beneficiating the coal to remove impurities from the coal, processing the beneficiated coal to produce a pitch, and treating the pitch to produce an advanced carbon material such as carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, resins, polymers, biomaterials, or other carbon materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to production of renewable fuels and fuel components from plant oil originating from at least one Brassica species, where said Brassica species, doped with at least one nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is cultivated to obtain Brassica seed oil, and feedstock comprising the Brassica seed oil is converted in a converting step, whereby renewable fuel or renewable fuel components are obtained. The invention also relates to a method for reducing nitrate release in renewable fuel production. Further, the invention relates to a method for reducing greenhouse gases in renewable fuel production.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a candle with an image that is not discernable until the candle is lit and an inner layer or inner layers of wax melt. As the inner layer of wax melts, an image will become discernable as light passes through the sides of the candle, through apertures in or thinner layers of the outermost layer of wax corresponding to the image to be displayed. This will allow for a candle that appears to be an ordinary candle until lit, but will reveal images after the candle is lit.

Abstract: By blending a quantity of synthetic cyclo-paraffinic kerosene fuel blending component comprising at least 99.5 mass % of carbon and hydrogen content and at least 50 mass % of cyclo-paraffin into kerosene base fuel, kerosene based-propulsion fuels can be upgraded to higher quality kerosene based-propulsion fuels such as jet fuel or rocket fuel to meet certain specification and/or increase volumetric energy content of the propulsion fuel.

Abstract: This invention provides a knitted wire carrier for use in constructing a (e.g.) automotive weather seal that incorporates a locking stitch formed from a relatively incompressible and expansion-resisting material that passes through at least one of the warp threads adjacent to the wire weft. In an embodiment, the locking stitch constructed from a steel (or another metal) wire that is solid or braided. In other embodiments, the locking stitch can be constructed from fiberglass, monofilament polymer or another similarly performing material. In an embodiment, the lockstitch wire is constructed from approximately 0.5-millimeter diameter steel and the wire carrier is constructed from approximately 0.5-0.91-millimeter diameter steel. The wire lockstitch can be woven through a center warp yarn that is surrounded by other knitted warp yarns along the overall weft of the wire carrier. The wire carrier is coated with an adhesive, e.g., latex to maintain the knit in place.

Abstract: Increasing of the heating value of combustible biomass through hemicellulose extraction and subsequent press-drying is described. After hemicellulose extraction the remaining biomass is soft and easily press-dried to high dry content of up to 80%. The method involves the removal of most water binding hemicelluloses and retaining most of the lignin in the biomass. Lignin can either be retained in the biomass during the extraction or combining the lignin, which has been separated from the hemicellulose extract, with the extracted biomass.

Abstract: Improved fuel compositions and fuel additive packages which serve to prolong stability at various ambient conditions and to increase fuel efficiency and fuel economy while also significantly reducing the level of multiple emissions constituents generated upon combustion of the fuels including CO2, NOX, SOX, Particulate Matter PM2.5, PM10 and Black Carbon. The fuels may include the hydrocarbon fuels gasolines, diesel fuels, biodiesel fuels, biomass diesel fuels, renewable fuels, synthetic fuels, algae-based fuels, kerosene fuel or heavy fuel oils, or may alternatively be hydrosols, and include an additive package having a sorbitan oleate, a polyoxyethylene alcohol, an alkylene glycol, and an amine. The fuels are mixed with an additive and are emulsified with clean, soft water having a water quality of 1 micron or less.

Abstract: The present invention relates to use of Perovskite type of materials as combustion improver in gaseous and liquid fuels. Structurally, the Perovskite material consists of ABO3, AxB1-xCyO3 or AxB1-xCyO3 kind of material with stoichiometric deficiency and oxygen deficient sites. More particularly, the present invention relates to the nanosized perovskite materials stably dispersed in hydrocarbon medium and compatible to the fuel has been used to improve the combustion process and generate more heat output.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a portable charcoal system and method of operating thereof, wherein the portable charcoal system comprises a first compartment adapted to burn a material, a second compartment connected to the first compartment and adapted to receive the material from the first compartment, and a third compartment adapted to receive the material from the second compartment, the third compartment comprising an auger adapted to move the material from a back end to a front end, and out of the third compartment. The portable charcoal system further includes a source of air.

Abstract: This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of a boron-containing additive in a non-aqueous lubricant composition as an inhibit or of lead corrosion associated with ashless, organic ester, anti-wear additives and/or friction modifiers.

Abstract: A method and a plant for producing secondary solid fuel (SSF) provide for removing fine and heavy waste from a flow of treated waste and further subdividing the remaining waste into intermediate waste and light waste. Only the fraction of intermediate waste is subjected to removal of chlorinated plastics (PVC). Advantageously, thanks to the fact that only a small fraction of the treated waste is subjected to removal of the chlorinated plastics, high efficiency in the treatment of waste and in the production of SSF is obtained. Preferably, the intermediate waste fraction is also subjected to removal of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparing a combustible oil, the method comprising adding and mixing: a petroleum-based combustible oil; a water having an oxidation-reduction potential of ?300 mV or lower, a pH of 9.0 or higher, and a dissolved hydrogen concentration of 0.8 ppm or higher; a fatty oil; and an activated carbon to obtain a mixture.

Abstract: A process of making a fuel product from a non-combustible high protein organic material such as a biological by-product or waste material. The moisture content of the high protein organic material is mechanically reduced and dried to reduce the moisture content to less than ten percent (10%). The high protein organic material is pulverized to a particle size of less than about 2 mm. The high protein organic waste material is fed into a combustion chamber and separated during combustion such as by spraying of the high protein organic waste material within the combustion chamber. Temperature and nitrogenous hydrocarbon combustion reactions within the combustion chamber are also controlled by injection of steam within the combustion chamber.