Abstract: This invention provides a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display, including the steps of forming an orientation film on a major surface of each of first and second substrates, performing an orientation treatment for the orientation films, performing an orientation relaxation treatment for a portion of the orientation film of each of the first and second substrates, thereby forming a first region and a second region whose orientation degree is smaller than the orientation degree of the first region, arranging the first and second substrates so that the first and second regions of the first substrate and the second and first regions of the second substrate oppose each other, respectively, and that a liquid crystal material has a splay deformation, and injecting the liquid crystal material between the first and second substrates thus arranged to oppose each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device which includes a pair of substrates; a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates; and an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid crystal layer is disclosed. The liquid crystal layers includes liquid crystal molecules, and is divided into a plurality of regions having different twist angles from one another.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device and a method for fabricating the same are provided. In fabricating a liquid crystal display device, the method enables liquid crystal alignment operation to be easily and accurately carried out in such a way that liquid crystal alignment is changed between adjacent minute regions. An alignment film is formed on a glass substrate formed with transparent electrodes, and then rubbing operation is performed using a rubbing cloth in one direction with respect to the alignment film, so that the alignment film is caused to maintain a high pretilt condition. After a mask substrate is so positioned as to register with the glass substrate, ultraviolet light irradiation is effected to form a high-pretilt keeping region and a low-pretilt keeping region on the surface of the alignment film. In the display device, it is arranged that one high-pretilt keeping region is disposed opposite one low-pretilt keeping region.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device having a pair of substrates opposed to each other at a predetermined distance from each other, and a liquid crystal enclosed between the pair of substrates. The pair of substrates are formed of different materials, and the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrates is set within the range of .+-.50% of the thermal expansion coefficient of one of the two substrates. Misalignment between the substrates is thereby prevented.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is constituted by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates each having a plurality of opposing electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a plurality of pixels each composed by a combination of a pair of the opposing electrodes and the ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed therebetween. Each pixel is provided with regions of different polarity inversion threshold voltages, and at least one of the pair of opposing electrodes is provided with a plurality of regions having unevennesses at different densities including a region with a higher density of unevennesses corresponding to a region of a lower polarity inversion threshold voltage and a region with a lower density of unevennesses corresponding to a region of a higher polarity inversion threshold voltage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, at least one polarizing element, and a plurality of pixels. A retardation (d.times..DELTA.n) of the liquid crystal layer satisfies the relation:d.times..DELTA.n>.lambda./2when incident light is output after passing through the liquid crystal layer once. The retardation satisfies the relation:2d.times..DELTA.n>.lambda./2when the incident light is output after passing through the liquid crystal layer twice. In these relations, d a thickness of the liquid crystal layer, .DELTA.n is a birefringence, and .lambda. is a wavelength of the light incident on the liquid crystal layer. A driving voltage supplier applies a driving voltage including a voltage higher than a maximum voltage providing an extremum of the output light intensity in a voltage-output light intensity characteristic of the pixels to the plurality of pixels.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display device according to the present invention includes: a pair of substrates disposed so as to oppose each other, at least one of the pair of substrates being transparent; electrodes formed on an inside face of each of the pair of substrates; and a display medium for displaying an image, the display medium being divided into at least one liquid crystal region composed essentially of ferroelectric liquid crystal and a polymer region composed essentially of liquid crystalline polymer, and the display medium being controlled by applying a voltage to the electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a tilted retarder. The tilted retarder has an optical axis which is aligned at an angle of from about 5.degree. to 15.degree. with respect to normal. Thus, because the optical axis of the liquid crystal layer is aligned at an angle to one side of normal and the optical axis of the tilted retarder(s) is at an angle to the other side of normal, the retardation effects substantially cancel one another out. Tilted retarder(s) may be used in combination with negatively birefringent retarders according to certain embodiments of this invention in twisted nematic normally white displays.

Abstract: The invention provides a surface, or electric field, stabilised ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) device with an improved contrast ratio between its two switched states. The device comprises a liquid crystal cell formed by a thin layer (7), typically 1 to 5 .mu.m thick, of a smectic liquid crystal material, eg a smectic c, held between two glass walls (2, 3) coated on their inner faces with electrodes (5, 6). Polarizers (8, 9) are arranged either side the walls (2, 3). The device is switched between two bistable states by application of unidirectional voltage pulses, with or without the simultaneous application of ac bias voltages. To obtain optimum contrast ratio CR, the optical axis of the polarisers are rotated away from a crossed, or othogonal position. eg by +/-20.degree., and the cell rotated between the polarisers (8, 9); the precise optimum rotation depends upon material, and ac bias voltage.

Abstract: The liquid crystal windshield display is a passive type display system utilizing an LCD, where the windshield acts as the LCD platform. Basically the same LCD technology that is currently used on many of the calculators in use. Except whereas all LCDs currently in use for calculators are reflective, the liquid crystal windshield display utilizes LCD technology in a see-through mode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element, which is installed in a projection-type color liquid crystal display, is provided with the first glass substrate. The first glass substrate is provided with the first micro-lens array on its light-incident side and the second micro-lens array on its light-releasing side. The first micro-lens array converges light beams of respective primary colors onto the vicinity of the light-releasing position on the second micro-lens array. The second micro-lens array makes the incident light beams parallel to each other and releases them from the liquid crystal display element. Thus, even in the case of using a projection lens having a small diameter, it is possible to improve the efficiency of utilization of light. Moreover, this arrangement eliminates the necessity of having to employ a comparatively expensive projection lens with a large diameter, thereby reducing the costs of production.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device for controlling scattering of light beams incident upon a liquid crystal layer so as to modulate the light beams includes: a first lens array having lenses corresponding to the liquid crystal layer, the lenses causing the light beams transmitted from the liquid crystal layer, the lenses causing the light beams transmitted from the liquid crystal layer to travel toward a focal plane; a mask for shielding scattered light transmitted from the first lens array as well as allowing non-scattered light to pass through, the mask having a plurality of aperture portions which are formed along the focal plane to correspond to the lenses of the first lens array so as to allow non-scattered light transmitted from corresponding lenses to pass through; and a second lens array having lenses arranged to correspond to the aperture portions of the mask, the lenses substantially collimating the non-scattered light transmitted from corresponding aperture portions of the mask.

Abstract: This invention provides a phase modulator comprising an electro-optically rotatable smectic liquid crystal half-wave retarder in combination with a cholesteric liquid crystal circular polarizer. Rotation of the half-wave retarder varies the phase delay of the modulator. A polarizing interferometer is provided utilizing the phase modulator of this invention in combination with a second cholesteric circular polarizer and a linear polarizer. A tunable Fabry-Perot resonator which does not require ordinary mirrors is provided utilizing the phase modulator of this invention in combination with a second cholesteric circular polarizer.

Abstract: A light modulating apparatus containing cholesteric liquid crystals capable of indefinite zero field retention of optical images, including full color and complete gray scale capability, is described. This invention is predicated on establishment of zero field multistable liquid crystal domains representing a continuous distribution of states ranging from the highly reflective planar to the light-scattering focal-conic structures. The zero field multistable domain structure stability is achieved by controlling solid surface-liquid crystal boundary interactions to provide essential equalization of the total system energy of each of the domain structures. This is the first time this equalization, and thus zero field multistability, has been achieved without the use of a polymer gel addition to create rigid polydomains in the liquid crystal mix.

Abstract: First pixel electrodes and scan signal electrodes are formed in the same plane, and the first pixel electrodes and video signal electrodes are insulated and separated from each other by gate SiN films. Additional capacitors are formed by second pixel electrodes which are connected to the first pixel electrodes through apertures formed in the gate SiN films and which may be cut by a laser beam, and the scan signal electrodes. Thus, a short circuit defect between the electrodes is prevented, a highly reliable additional capacitor is attained, break of wiring is reduced and an aperture factor can be improved by expanding a width of the first pixel electrode. Thus, a multi-tonality and highly fine liquid crystal display device can be manufactured with a high yield.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a liquid crystal electro-optic device is provided. The liquid crystal electro-optic device includes a pair of insulating substrates disposed to face each other; a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the insulating substrates; and a pair of alignment films respectively formed on the insulating substrates to be in contact with the liquid crystal layer. The orientations of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer, which are in contact with the pair of alignment films, are aligned in a direction substantially perpendicular to the pair of insulating substrates, and the liquid crystal layer has a twist pitch of approximately quadruple the thickness of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: An improved liquid crystal display(LCD) and a manufacturing method thereof capable of advantageously reducing point defects caused due to the defects of the thin film transistor and of increasing an aperture ratio by providing an upper and lower structure of a pixel electrode, which includes a plurality of transparent conductive film used as a pixel electrode and being vertically formed; and at least one thin film transistor being electrically connected to each of transparent conductive films.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a dispersion type liquid crystal electro-optical device comprising liquid crystal droplets of uniform size without impairing the scattering properties. The present invention realizes a liquid crystal electro-optical device having excellent scattering properties which is achieved by increasing or decreasing the fraction of the organic constituent of the light-transmitting resin material without changing the amount of the liquid crystal and the number and density of the liquid crystal droplets so that the light scattering properties of the device may not be impaired, and thereby controlling the precipitation temperature of the liquid crystal droplets from the mixture to the vicinity of a temperature convenient in the fabrication, so that the solidification temperature of the resin material can be set at the vicinity of that temperature.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device comprising light shielding layers and color filters on the inner surface of a cell, wherein similar light shielding layers and color filters are disposed also in a peripheral region outside of a display region which is equipped with groups of striped row and column electrodes opposed mutually to form pixels for display. The respective patterns of the light shielding layers and the color filters are the same in both the display region and the peripheral region. A liquid crystal layer formed in the display device has a twist angle of 160.degree. to 300.degree., and a retardation compensator composed of a film is superposed on such layer so as to compensate the elliptical polarization. And a non-selective voltage is applied continuously to the scanning electrodes in the peripheral region so as to maintain the peripheral pixels in a light-shielded state, thereby rendering the display easier to be seen.

Abstract: A method of driving an antiferroelectric liquid crystal device, comprising a pair of substrates, each providing electrodes, insulating films and orientation films in this order thereon, which is arranged so as to be opposed to each other and interposes an antiferroelectric liquid crystal composition between the orientation films, wherein electrode on either one of the substrates comprises a plurality of scanning electrodes and a plurality of signal electrodes in a matrix form and a thin film transistor at each point of intersection of the matrix, which comprises transmitting a signal from the scanning electrode to the thin film transistor to turn on and synchronistically applying a zero or positive selective voltage waveform corresponding to a desired display to the signal electrode of odd-numbered frames and a zero or negative selective voltage waveform corresponding to the desired display to the signal electrode of even-numbered frames.