Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate, at least one of which possesses light transmissivity, each having an electrode layer formed thereon, the electrode layers confronting each other, and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, divided into plural regions, and including liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal molecules are oriented in the same direction in each of first regions, and in a different direction in second regions each located between two adjacent first regions. The second regions are spaced at a regular periodicity. Without an electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer, the different orientations of the liquid crystal molecules create differences in the refractive indices at which the light is transmitted so as to serve as a phase grating the diffracts incident light.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element of the present invention includes walls made from a polymer material and liquid crystal regions in contact with the walls between a pair of substrates, each having electrodes, wherein the liquid crystal region is in a selective reflection state and a chiral pitch of liquid crystal contained in the liquid crystal regions is longer than a chiral pitch of the walls made from a polymer material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display cell comprising a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal material sandwiched between the pair of substrates, and an optical polarization memory film provided on one or both of the substrates. The optical polarization memory film is exposed by polarized lights to produce a positive orientation means including a multiple micro domains. In the micro domains, orientation direction is uniform in each domain and substantially isotropic as a whole. The visual angular dependency is eliminated. No rubbing treatment is done, and problems caused by rubbing can be solved.

Abstract: A liquid crystal displaying apparatus, a projection displaying apparatus, and a view finder apparatus using the liquid crystal displaying apparatus, are disclosed. Polarizing plates are disposed on the incident side and the outgoing side of a liquid crystal cell so that a twisted nematic liquid crystal is arranged to become approximately 90.degree. in twist angle between two transparent substrates having a picture element electrode. A direction of a phase advancing axis of the phase difference plate with respect to the polarized light axis of the polarizing plate on the incident side is set so that the transmission index of the optical head from the polarizing plate on the incident side to the polarizing plate on the outgoing side may become minimum when a given voltage for black displaying operation is applied on the liquid crystal cell and the light is inputted from the given direction.

Abstract: A position-sensitive liquid crystal display applicable to a thin input-output pad utilized for a pen-based computer is disclosed, which employs the liquid crystal display endowed with a position-sensitive function and a simple process for producing the same, exclusive of superimposing the liquid crystal display on a position-sensitive device. The position-sensitive liquid crystal display includes an upper substrate having a position-sensitive device therein, a lower substrate joined with the upper substrate and a liquid crystal injected between the upper and the lower substrates. The process for producing the same omits the step of joining the liquid crystal display with the position-sensitive device and is thus simple.

Abstract: A polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal layer inserted between opposed glass plates and comprising a layer of resin and liquid crystal capsules dispersed in the resin. The liquid crystal capsules are substantially uniformly distributed all over the liquid crystal panel, even if a black matrix and bus lines provided in the glass plates may act as a shading layer when an ultraviolet light is irradiated to cure the resin and to form the liquid crystal capsules. The uniformly distributed liquid crystal capsules can be obtained by the manufacturing method comprising the step of irradiating the ultraviolet light obliquely to a surface of the glass plate having the shading layer for curing the resin material.

Abstract: An optically addressing liquid crystal displaying and recording device is capable of obtaining good images free of non-uniformity of density without impairing the characteristics of a light modulating layer. The device includes a light modulating layer 1 including liquid crystals, a photoconductive layer 2 laminated on one side of the light modulating layer 1 and a voltage controlling device 3 for controlling the polarity of the voltage applied to the light modulating layer 1 and the photoconductive layer 2. The device further includes an exposing device 4 for repeatedly scanning a beam on the photoconductive layer 2, a detecting device 5 for detecting scanning of a beam and a controlling device 3 for controlling a timing when the voltage is applied in accordance with a detecting signal outputted by the detecting device 5.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal panel frame used for a liquid crystal display which comprises a pair of opposed substrates, a pair of electrodes formed on each of those substrates, a plurality of rectilinear barrier members provided at predetermined intervals between both substrates and an orientation film formed on said substrates and being subjected to a rubbing process. Each barrier member extends in substantially parallel to the rubbing direction. By adhering each barrier member to the substrate opposed thereto, a plurality of narrowly partitioned rectilinear spaces in which portions other than an aperture formed at the end portion thereof through which the liquid crystal passes are sealed against liquid. Ferroelectric or anti-ferroelectric liquid crystals are encapsulated into each of those rectilinear spaces to form a liquid crystal panel assembly.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display includes a cholesteric liquid crystal layer for selectively reflecting at high efficiency circularly polarized light having a specific wavelength, for example, a wavelength corresponding to red, blue or green, a birefringent layer formed on the liquid crystal layer, and a polarize plate formed on the birefringent layer. The birefringent layer includes a pair of electrodes and a nematic liquid crystal layer formed between the electrodes. Circularly polarized light of a specific wavelength that is selectively reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer has its vibration direction rotated by retardation of the birefringent layer 20 when an electric field is not applied to the liquid crystal. When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the reflected circularly polarized light is directly transmitted through the birefringent layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between plates treated to enforce a particular ferroelectric molecular orientation to the plates. The devices employ alone or in combination non-planar boundary conditions, polar boundary conditions, boundaries with multiple physical states, intrinsic spontaneous splay distortion of the polarization orientation field, combined ferroelectric and dielectric torques, layers tilted with respect to the plates. The plates are spaced by a distance sufficiently small to ensure unwinding of the helix typical in a bulk of the material to form either monostable, bistable or multistable states which exhibit novel electro-optic properties. The liquid crystal is responsive to an externally applied electric field, temperature or the like to make a light valve or other electro-optical device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device including a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between plates treated to enforce a particular ferroelectric molecular orientation to the plates. The devices employ alone or in combination non-planar boundary conditions, polar boundary conditions, boundaries with multiple physical states, intrinsic spontaneous splay distortion of the polarization orientation field, combined ferroelectric and dielectric torques, layers tilted with respect to the plates. The plates are spaced by a distance sufficiently small to ensure unwinding of the helix typical in a bulk of the material to form either monostable, bistable or multistable states which exhibit novel electro-optic properties. The liquid crystal is responsive to an externally applied electric field, temperature or the like to make a light valve or other electro-optical device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal electro-optical device improved in contrast ratio by reducing alignment defects of the liquid crystal molecules. The electro-optical device comprises a pair of substrate having a liquid crystal material incorporated therebetween, provided that one of the pair of the substrates having a switching element thereon is thermoplastic. The process for fabricating the liquid crystal electro-optical device comprises subjecting said thermoplastic substrate having thereon the switching element to pressing to accommodate the switching elements in the concave portions of the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a liquid crystal display which can eliminate the nonuniformity of display contrast due to a difference in wiring resistance between electrode terminals of a liquid crystal panel. Two adjacent ones of the electrode terminals which are respectively connected to two adjacent ones of tape carriers are set substantially equal in length. Furthermore, two adjacent ones of the electrode terminals which are respectively connected to two of lead wires adjacent to each other with a lead pitch increased area interposed therebetween are set substantially equal in length.

Abstract: A liquid crystal electro-optical device comprising a ferroelectric liquid crystal material having spontaneous polarization. The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between substrates having TFTs thereon. When the liquid crystal material is driven with the TFTs, the TFTs apply a voltage in different polarities to switch the material between first and second states. This voltage for switching is required to be larger than the voltage that is necessary to maintain the present state of the liquid crystal material. To facilitate switching, the threshold value for inversion of the ferroelectric liquid crystal material preferably has a small value of 0.1 to 4 V. Preferably, the liquid crystal material shows uniform orientation or multi-microdomain orientation. There is also disclosed a liquid crystal electro-optical device comprising a liquid crystal material having spontaneous polarization. The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between transparent substrates having electrodes thereon.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus which performs a display by modulating an optical characteristic of a display medium, includes: a plurality of pixel electrodes for allowing the display medium to perform a display in accordance with a display signal; switching elements, respectively provided for the corresponding pixel electrodes, for applying the display signal to the respective pixel electrodes in nonlinearly response to a received driving signal; and a bus line for applying the driving signal to the switching elements. Each of the switching elements includes a first active device and a second active device. The first active device includes a lower electrode connected to the corresponding one of the pixel electrodes, an upper electrode connected to the bus line, and a nonlinear resistive layer interposed between the lower electrode and the upper electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device is constituted by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates each having a plurality of opposing electrodes, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the substrates so as to form a plurality of pixels each composed by a combination of a pair of the opposing electrodes and the ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed therebetween. Each pixel is provided with regions of different polarity inversion threshold voltages, and at least one of the pair of opposing electrodes is provided with a plurality of regions having unevennesses at different densities including a region with a higher density of unevennesses corresponding to a region of a lower polarity inversion threshold voltage and a region with a lower density of unevennesses corresponding to a region of a higher polarity inversion threshold voltage.

Abstract: A picture display apparatus which converts an input optical image into a projected picture using a photoelectric effect. The picture display apparatus includes an image transfer device having a plurality of graded index lenses which are bundled in parallel to an optical axis. The image transfer device is provided between an electro-optical device and a picture display device so that an input optical image on the picture display device is transferred in equisize onto the photoconductive layer of the electro-optical device.

Abstract: A mother layer made of a thermoplastic resin is formed on the substrate. The mother layer is etched to make a grating layer. The etching process is stopped so that an offset layer remains under the grating layer. The grating layer and the offset layer are baked to be molten. The baking process is stopped when a phase grating defined by a surface having a sinusoidal shape is formed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal layer is disposed between a member including a transparent substrate on which pixel electrodes, TFTs, scan lines, and data lines are formed and a member including another transparent substrate over which there are formed two sets of stripe-shaped electrodes to be vertical to each other with an insulating layer inserted therebetween and a uniform transparent conductive layer as an opposing electrode over the stripe-shaped electrodes with an insulating layer inserted therebetween. The stripe-shaped electrodes are arranged, when viewed from above, to occupy gap areas between the pixel electrodes. Sequentially applying voltage pulses to the electrodes beginning at an end portion thereof, a pen input function is achieved according to the electrostatic capacitive-coupling scheme. An active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) having a pen input function is thus obtained at a low cost without deteriorating the display performance.

Abstract: A plasma addressing electro-optical device including a first substrate having a major surface: a plurality of first electrodes formed on the major surface of the first substrate so as to extend in substantially parallel relationship to each other; a second substrate having a major surface opposed to the major surface of the first substrate; a plurality of second electrodes formed on the major surface of the second substrate so as to extend in substantially parallel relationship to each other to generate plasma addressing between adjacent ones of the second electrodes; an electro-optical material layer formed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a plasma discharge chamber formed between the electro-optical material layer and the second substrate so as to seal an ionizable gas therein. The plasma discharge chamber has a height of about 75% or more of a distance between the adjacent ones of the second electrodes.