Abstract: A catalyst carrier body for exhaust systems of internal combustion engines includes a configuration for temperature measurement and/or heating walls of the catalyst carrier body. At least two layers, namely an upper layer and a lower layer, rest predominantly tightly against one another have identically structured metal foils with a thickness of from 0.02 to 0.1 mm. At least one of the layers has an outward bulge forming at least one void along the layers and between the layers. At least one temperature sensor and/or heat conductor extends in the void and may have supply lines extending in the void.

Abstract: Polymer particles having a small particle diameter and a narrow particle diameter distribution are obtained by a continuous polymerization method which does not accompany an increase of cohering products attaching to an inner face of a reaction vessel and an air-bubble invasion and, in which stirring of a material solution for polymerization is easy. An emulsion polymerization reaction or a suspension polymerization reaction is carried out by supplying a material solution for polymerization continuously to a clearance between coaxial double cylinders, which have stretched toward a direction crossing a horizontal plane, from the end side of the cylinders, by rotating at least one of the double cylinders round the axis and thereby, causing Taylor vortices. The polymer particles thus-formed are obtained by through from the other end side of the double cylinders to the outside.

Abstract: A sample holder for use in infrared spectrophotometric analysis. The holder comprises a microporous sheet and is particularly useful for analysis of solutions, colloids, small particle solids, flowable solids, solvents, and viscous fluids. The microporous sheet preferably has a low absorbance (high spectral transmittance) in infrared wavelengths. The sample holder is especially useful for the analysis of aqueous based samples. Also, a method for using such sample holders for infrared spectrophotometric analysis.

Abstract: This invention relates to a vertically disposed polymerization reactor having a series of essentially circular tray assemblies; each tray assembly having a central open vapor chimney and two split-flow paths each split-flow path containing one reverse flow path wherein the liquid polymer flow is reversed by means of a substantially semi-circular turnaround region; each tray having a liquid polymer tray inlet and a liquid polymer tray outlet for conducting a flow of the liquid polymer by means of a hydraulic gradient; each tray assembly being open at the top for escape of vapor from the liquid polymer flow to the central open vapor chimney; and each tray arranged in vertical disposition one above the other.

Abstract: A gasifier for partially combusting a carbonaceous fuel mixture in the combustion chamber of the gasifier. The latter includes a water bath into which the hot effluent or products of combustion are immersed, including a synthetic gas. The products of combustion are directed into the bath by way of a constricted throat section. To avoid excessive erosion action and/or thermal shock to the throat section as a result of exposure to the effluent's high temperatures, the throat section is structured with an internal framework of pipes. The framework is communicated with a pressurized source of a cooling fluid, preferably water, whereby to cool the throat section sufficiently to counteract the ill effects of exposure to contact with the high temperature effluent.

Abstract: In a method for aseptically drawing off food and drink into plastic containers, the container sheet is plasticized for molding the containers and subsequently molded in a sterile environment, after which the container recesses are filled and closed off by means of a lid sheet. For this method and before the filling process, the container sheet is acted upon in a longitudinal segment by means of steam for sterilization purposes and is cooled on its side opposite to the steam-impingement area. Before it is supplied to the container sheet, the lid sheet is sterilized. After they are sterilized and until they are combined, the lid sheet and the container sheet are kept in germ-free surroundings. In order to be sterilized on both sides, the container sheet is acted upon reciprocally in the flat state before it is molded, with steam in two consecutive treatment processes in, in each case, the same length segment, and, at the same time, cooled.

Abstract: This invention relates to a vertically disposed polymerization reactor having a series of essentially circular tray assemblies; each tray assembly having a central open vapor chimney and a single flow path composed of at least two loops wherein the liquid polymer flow is reversed by means of a substantially semi-circular turnaround wall; each tray having a liquid polymer tray inlet and a liquid polymer tray outlet for conducting a flow of the liquid polymer by means of a hydraulic gradient; each tray assembly being open at the top for escape of vapor from the liquid polymer flow to the central open vapor chimney; and each tray arranged in vertical disposition one above the other.

Abstract: Apparatus and processes are disclosed for carrying out chemical reactions of the type in which a fluidized particulate solid is contacted with reactants in a reaction vessel or conduit and then separated from the reactant products and regenerated in a regeneration process, such as combusting the carbonaceous deposit which accretes on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst particles. The regeneration reaction may change the temperature of the regenerated catalyst particles and in such case it is often required to subject the particles to heat exchange to provide them at a temperature suitable for recirculation to the reaction zone. The processes and apparatus of the invention essentially provide for dividing the fluidized solids regeneration bed into an uppermost bed zone and at least one lower bed zone by a horizontal occlusion zone disposed at a vertically intermediate portion of the bed.

Abstract: A cleavage apparatus for obtaining a free peptide after assembly of a peptide on a solid support by solid-phase peptide synthesis equipped with a cleavage cocktail transport line installed between the column for cleavage containing a peptidyl resin and a cleavage cocktail supply bottle, through which a cleavage cocktail is supplied from the bottle to the column and recovered into the cleavage cocktail supply bottle from the column. This apparatus can provide easy, safe, rapid and reliable cleavage in a large scale peptide synthesis.

Abstract: The present invention uses a new approach to generating chlorine dioxide. This approach is the use of two vessel system in which the first vessel is of a structure which enables operation to create substantially isothermal incomplete reaction conditions and in which the second vessel is of a structure to enable operation to generate a continuous decreasing temperature gradient from bottom to top thereof for substantially-completing that reaction.

Abstract: A continuous static polymerization reactor for the production of liquid polymers comprises an elongated hollow reaction chamber (30) which has a porous wall (31) and a jacket means (40) spaced around the reaction chamber (30), which is provided with means (44) for introducing a fluid through the porous wall (31). The reactor is particularly useful for a process for making liquid polymers by condensing monomers and/or oligomers. It comprising the use of a pressurized gas to cause the reaction mixture to reach a foam consistency. This is beneficial in the condensation polymerization. Feeding a fluid through the porous wall into the reaction chamber avoids build up of the polymer on the wall.

Abstract: A liquid deposition source delivery system (22) includes a reactant source (50) of a liquid chemical reactant, a first heater (54) positioned adjacent to the reactant source (50) , and a vapor collection system (56) in communication with the reactant source (50) to collect vapor evolved from the reactant source (50). A flow controller (64) has an upstream side (66) in communication with the vapor collection system (56). A line (70) of a vapor distribution system is in communication with the downstream side (68) of the flow controller (64). A second heater (76) is positioned adjacent to the flow controller (64), at least a portion of the vapor collection system (56), and at least a portion of the vapor distribution system, to prevent the vapor from condensing in the lines (70) of the delivery system.

Abstract: An FCC process decouples the circulation of catalyst on the regeneration side of the process from the circulation of catalyst on the reactor side of the FCC process by mixing the spent and regenerated catalyst from the reactor and regenerator side of the process in a common blending vessel that receives all of the spent and regenerated catalyst from the reactor and regenerator. The blending vessel supplies blended catalyst to raise the solids to oil ratio on the reaction side of the process and regulate catalyst temperatures on the reaction and the regeneration sides of the process. The blending vessel can also retain the majority of the catalyst inventory for both the reactor and regenerator sides of the process. Moreover, by the introduction of a stripping gas into the blending vessel it operates as a hot stripper to remove additional hydrocarbons from the blended catalyst that enters the regeneration zone.

Abstract: Leakage problems can be avoided in an apparatus for the preparation of a solid or cellular plastic-forming, flowable reaction mixture of at least two flowable reaction components and at least one additional component, by providing in the feed pipe of one of the reaction components a mechanical pre-mixer having a stirrer shaft. Upstream of the pre-mixer, a hydraulic motor comprising two meshing toothed wheels which is driven by the components themselves, is disposed in a manner such that one of the toothed wheels is disposed on an extension of the stirrer shaft, and wherein the bearings of the toothed wheels and the stirrer shaft are outwardly enclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and apparatus for effecting chemical and/or physical reactions by means of solid-gas contact. The apparatus has a shaftlike reaction chamber widening in upward direction and divided into compartments by means of horizontal grids. The process is performed by introducing a particulate solid of about 0.5 to 5 millimeters particle size into the reaction chamber and passing a gas stream in upward direction through that chamber at an output sufficient to keep the particles in floating condition. A floating bed of solid particles will be formed in the reactors then and excellent solid-gas contact suitable for affecting chemical and physical reactions is provided hereby. A special embodiment relates to the removal of nitrogen oxides from flue gases with the aid of a particulate catalyst.

Abstract: In the production of a flowable reaction mixture of at least two flowable, also not readily miscible, reaction components which react completely with each other to form solid substance or foam material, a rapid abatement of the mixture flow is achieved with a compact type of construction after causing throttling at the discharge of the mixing chamber.

Abstract: In a fine comminution apparatus arranged downstream of a coarse comminution apparatus, polyurethane foam wastes can be comminuted to the desired particle size for recycling as an additive in the production of polyurethane, in a low-dust and energy-saving manner, by carrying out the fine comminution preferably by repeatedly forcing a mixture of the coarsely comminuted material and one of the reaction components through a nozzle or through a plurality of nozzles.

Abstract: An FCC reactor achieves greater utilization of the space within the reactor vessel by using a vented riser arrangement having an inlet opening at the bottom of a vented riser collector. The inlet opening at the bottom of the vented riser collector allows plug flow of the catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors through the upper and lower section of the reactor vessel without any substantial degradation and separation efficiency between the catalyst and the hydrocarbon vapors. This permits almost the entire tangent length of the reactor vessel to be used for the purpose of catalyst and hydrocarbon contact.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an FCC process uses means for dissipating turbulent flow at the outlet of a disengaging vessel to provide a quick separation of catalyst from product vapors and to prevent reentrainment of catalyst into the disengaging vessel. The process and apparatus use a riser for the conversion of an FCC feedstock and direct the effluent from the riser directly into a disengaging vessel to separate catalyst from the product vapors. Catalyst is directed downwardly out of the outlet of the disengaging vessel and through a series of dissipator plates that dissipate turbulent flow by eliminating the tangential velocity that would be otherwise introduced by the vortex and would lead to reentrainment of catalyst. A stripping vessel is located immediately below the disengaging vessel outlet to receive catalyst as it leaves the dissipator plates.

Abstract: The present invention makes use of a single detector to monitor several process functions, e.g. reaction efficiency, reagent flow rates, the presence of empty reagent reservoirs, the absence of a chemical reactor column in the system, blockage of flow system, etc., at a single location in the flow system. In accordance with the detection scheme of the present invention, only one detector is required to accomplish the same, if not more, functions as many detectors in the prior art instruments. In the described embodiment, an optical detector is positioned downstream of a chemical reaction chamber. This detector monitors the effluent from the reaction chamber to monitor the reaction efficiency. It also monitors the system functions upstream of the reaction chamber. System flow rate is monitored by detecting the presence of a gas bubble which has been introduced into the system at a known instance.