Abstract: An aqueous sulfuric acid anolyte solution is circulated through the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell, and an aqueous NaHSO.sub.3 catholyte solution is circulated through its cathode compartment, while maintaining an anolyte and catholyte temperature range of 20.degree.-25.degree. C., a catholyte pH range of 4.6 to 5.8, and a reduction potential of -1.25 to -1.50 V versus Ag.degree./AgCl, to produce an aqueous solution of Na.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.4. Optimum pH is maintained by small additions of an alkali to the catholyte solution for electrolysis and solution stability.

Abstract: An improved gel plate assembly for electrophoresis, is described. It comprises glass-like sheet supports between which is placed the gel, at least the back support being a composite comprising a thermally conductive plate in contact with the glass-like sheet; and in contact with the conductive plate, a glass-like sheet that serves as a replacement support, when the composite is reversed, if the first sheet is scratched.

Abstract: An electron beam is directed into a first region containing gaseous molecules which capture electrons from the beam and then dissociate to produce negative ions. The ions are accelerated to the desired energy electrostatically and drawn to a second region where they are exposed to an intra-cavity laser beam which traverses their path. The laser is chosen to have a wavelength which will cause photodetachment of electrons to form neutral atoms. Simultaneously with the above, the electron beam and ions are collimated with a magnetic field. The neutral atoms are separated from any remaining ions or electrons by a repelling electrical potential provided by a repeller plate or the like.

Abstract: Separation methodology is disclosed which allows for the separation of mixtures of carbohydrates into highly resolved detectable bands of carbohydrates. The method involves first reacting a mixture of carbohydrates with 1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANSA) to form carbohydrate/ANSA conjugates. The conjugates are subjected to a first-dimensional gel electrophoresis in a first direction to provide separate bands of carbohydrates in the gel. A band in the gel is removed and subjected to second-dimensional electrophoresis in a second direction which is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. More specific bands of more highly resolved carbohydrates are then formed in the second-dimensional gel. The more specific bands within the second-dimensional gel are then electro-blotted onto a substrate surface and can be viewed in extermely small amounts due to the fluorescent capability of the ANSA when viewed under ultraviolet light.

Abstract: In an electrophoresis apparatus for separating and detecting a sample of DNA or RNA labelled with fluorescence, use is made of a gel plate having a polyacrylamide concentration of 2 to 6% in order to greatly shorten the time required for the measurement.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell including an electrode comprising Magneli phase titanium oxide is disclosed for use with reduction oxidation reactions. The use of the Magneli phase titanium oxide electrode advantageously inhibits certain redox back reactions.

Abstract: A process for reducing excess nitric acid in an aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution. The process is conducted by reacting the aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution with a basic neutralizing agent such as nitric oxide, hydroxylamine vapor or a mixture thereof or by contacting the aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution with an anion exchange resin having a pKa in the range of from about 5 to about 9. The aqueous hydroxylamine nitrate solution may be produced by the electrolysis of nitric acid.

Abstract: The energizer of the instant invention includes an electric discharge apparatus for creating an electric discharge and a focusing mechanism for focusing the electric discharge on a fluid to be energized. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the focusing mechanism takes the form of a dielectric core which is constructed and arranged to focus the electric discharge into a passage formed about the periphery of the core thereby enabling the use of energy levels substantially higher than would be possible without the focusing means.A method of energizing a fluid is taught which includes introducing the fluid into a confined region, providing an electric discharge for energizing the fluid and focusing the discharge into the confined region.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an apparatus for electro elution of components separated by preparative electrophoresis on a gel comprising a tapered tube divided by a porous disc into an upper section which is open at the top of the tapered tube and a lower section which is closable by a removable cap. The apparatus also contains a dialysis membrane of substantially the same diameter as the removable cap and affixed to the removable cap such that the dialysis membrane is sealed against the end of the tapered tube when the removable cap encloses the lower section of the tapered tube. Following electro elution, the open upper section of the tapered tube can be sealed and the desired substance is withdrawn through the cap and dialysis membrane which encloses the lower end of the tube. An auxiliary funnel can be affixed to the open upper end of the tube to increase the capacity of the system.

Abstract: A compact water purification device which is made of concentrically mounted components is provided according to the invention. An anode with a fluid passageway through its interior to provide an anode fluid path is used. A anionic support member is concentrically mounted about the anode and a anionic membrane is mounted to the exterior of the anionic support member. A first fluid passageway between the anionic membrane and the anode is provided. A bead is concentrically mounted about the anionic support member to provide a water purification path and to hold the ion exchange resins therein for contact with the water in the water purification path. Fluid communication is maintained between the water purification path and the anionic membrane. A cationic membrane is concentrically mounted about the exterior of the bead box. Fluid communication is provided between the water purification path and the cationic membrane. A cathode is concentrically mounted about the cationic membrane.

Abstract: Oxa-organic sulfur compounds, methods of preparing such compounds and methods of using the compounds as polymer chain length terminating agents are provided. The compounds are prepared by reacting allyl alcohol in the presence of a basic catalyst with a compound having the formula ##STR1## to form an intermediate.

Abstract: In a waste gas treating method wherein waste gas is treated by adding ammonia thereto and irradiating this waste gas with electron beams, the adhesion of a by-product to the inner wall of a duct is inhibited by feeding the waste gas after irradiation with electron beams at a flow velocity of 10 m/sec or less, more preferably 5 m/sec or less, until it at least reaches a first by-product collector. The duct may have a rectangular cross-sectional configuration. Thus, it is possible to inhibit increase in the pressure loss of the waste gas being treated and enable stable operation of the waste gas treating process.

Abstract: An electrocoating system with multistage voltage application includes an electrocoating bath filled with a coating material and having inlet and outlet sides, a feeding arrangement for supporting and moving an object to be immersed and coated in the electrocoating bath so that the object will serve as an electrode, electrode means including a plurality of voltage-application stages arranged successively from the inlet to outlet sides of the electrocoating bath, each of the stages having at least one electrode arranged along a path of travel of an object as moved by the feeding arrangement, power supply means for applying different independently variable voltages through the stages, respectively, and diode means for preventing the electrodes of the stages from being electrocoated with the coating material, the diode means including diodes which are forward-connected respectively between the power supply means and the electrodes of the stages.

Abstract: An apparatus and process is provided for an electrophoretic determination the primary structure of nucleic acids. The apparatus comprises a cuvette shaped as a sleeve having a gel shaped as a hollow cylinder positioned on one of the side surfaces of the sleeve and having samples of the nucleic acid in recesses on its end face located in a circle. The sleeve is provided with a rotation drive and its side wall and the bottom together with the side wall and the bottom of the second sleeve mounted coaxially with the first sleeve form chambers for placing electrode solutions therein. Between the electrode solutions in the region between the side walls of the sleeves there is located a non-polar liquid, its density is higher than that of the electrode solution located above it and lower than the density of the electrode solution located thereunder.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for efficient processing of liquids and the precipitation of dissolved elements and chemical compounds. Improvements over prior systems include system layout, components and modes of operation of the system. Applications of the system include destruction of toxic wastes and sewage treatment, precipitation of chemical compounds and elements including metals from solution (brine, sea water, industrial waste), sterilization and water purification, catalytic formation of chemical compounds, and processing of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for complete removal of nitrites and nitrates from an aqueous solution (1) by means of electrolysis, wherein the aqueous solution (1) is fed to the cathode space (4) of an electrolysis cell (2) and an aqueous solution (10), still containing only non-participating residual salts, is discharged from the anode space (6), whereas the gas (7) formed at the cathode is fed to a catalyst bed (8). In the latter, the gases H.sub.2, NH.sub.3, NO and N.sub.2 O collected in the cathode space (4) are converted to the non-toxic substances N.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O. In addition, partial combustion of H.sub.2 by O.sub.2 from the anode space (6) for maintaining the temperature of the catalyst bed (8).

Abstract: A system for sealing leaks in a nonconductive liner of a container of liquid or liquid-solid material. A voltage is impressed between an electrode in the material inside the container and an electrode in conductive material outside the liner. The system provides for a current path between these electrodes through any leaks that may exist in the liner. Solid particles suspended in the liquid in the impoundment accumulate at the leak as a result of electrophoresis, thereby sealing the leak. Although the system is especially useful for impounded waste materials, such as a landfill or surface impoundment, it may be used for many other types of containers.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an arrangement of cascade arc plasma torches in a process for plasma polymerization. The arrangement is utilized in low temperature plasma polymerization coating and utilizes a plasma reactor with concentric electroconductive rings separated by insulator rings. The rings are positioned between electrode connectors and form a central passage through the plasma reactor. A voltage supply source provides a voltage across the plasma reactor so as to initiate and continue the polymerization coating process. Downstream of the plasma reactor, an arrangement is provided by which monomeric gas is fed into a passage at a downstream end of the reactor so as to enable plasma polymerization.

Abstract: There are disclosed method and apparatus for recovering chromium from chromium-containing wastes, using an electrolytic oxidation cell divided by an anion exchange membrane and a coupled transport module containing a membrane containing a chromium(VI) complexing agent.

Abstract: In the process for the electrophoretic separation, purification and concentration of charged or polarizable macromolecules from a mixture of these molecules in a separation column with a slab or bar gel as the support, the macromolecules separated in the support are caused to migrate out of the support by means of the electrophoretic current and are fed into a multielectrode collector (13) via a molecule detector (5) and a distributor (6). Each of the electrodes of the multielectrode collector is individually activated according to a signal coming from the molecule detector (5).