Abstract: Heavy or refractory oils are hydroprocessed in the presence of added water and added hydrogen sulfide with or without a slurry catalyst comprising molybdenum sulfide. The water and hydrogen sulfide may originate from the catalyst preparation procedure.

Abstract: Large surface area oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts which are suitable for converting C.sub.4 to C.sub.8 mono-olefins to conjugated dienes are disclosed, comprising the oxides of vanadium, phosphorus, tin and potassium in combination with hydrogen mordenite having a surface area between 30 M.sup.2 /g to 450 M.sup.2 /g and wherein the vanadium has an average valence in the range of from 3.5 to 4.95.

Abstract: Disclosed is a catalyst, a method for its preparation, and a process for its use in the production of high octane gasoline and/or other valuable liquid hydrocarbon products from carbo-metallic oils contaminated with heavy metals and coke precursors. The catalyst is prepared from a shapable composition containing reticulated carbon black particles which are subsequently removed by burning, as in a catalyst regenerator, to provide large feeder pores in a shaped catalyst structure. The catalyst and process conditions for its use facilitate conversion of the contaminated oils to lighter products at catalytic sites within the catalyst structure which may contain zeolitic materials.

Abstract: A substantially uniform mesophase pitch is prepared by treating a mesophase forming pitch material at elevated temperatures above about 380.degree. C. to produce a mixture of mesophase and non-mesophase pitch containing about 20% to about 80% mesophase. The mixture is then maintained at a temperature below about 400.degree. C. for a time sufficient to allow the mesophase to coalesce and settle as a lower separable layer. A mesophase pitch so produced may contain from 90 to 100% mesophase with a softening point of less than 320.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for purifying predominantly straight chain olefins having from 5 to 50 carbon atoms which comprises contacting the olefins with a liquid solution of boron trifluoride in an alcohol or mixture of alcohols.

Abstract: In methods of manufacturing olefines by thermally cracking hydrocarbons, there is disclosed a thermal cracking method for producing olefines from hydrocarbons, characterized in that hydrocarbon is burnt with oxygen in the presence of steam to generate a high-temperature gas containing steam of 1500.degree.-3000.degree. C.; methane and hydrogen are supplied into the high-temperature gas containing said steam, with the molar ratio of methane to hydrogen in said high-temperature gas being 0.05 or more, then hydrocarbon to be cracked is supplied into said high-temperature gas containing said methane, hydrogen and steam, so that the hydrocarbon is subjected to thermal cracking by maintaining the partial pressure of hydrogen at more than at least 0.1 bar at the outlet of a reactor, under conditions of reaction temperature, 800.degree.-1200.degree. C. and residence time in the reactor 5-300 milli second, and then the reaction product is cooled in a rapid manner.

Abstract: A thermal cracking process for producing olefins from hydrocarbons which comprises the steps of burning hydrocarbons with less than the theoretical amount of oxygen in the presence of steam to give a hot gas of from 1400.degree. to 300.degree. C. comprising steam and hydrogen prior to reaction; feeding to the hot gas comprising the steam and hydrogen, a mixture of methane and hydrogen so that the methane/hydrogen molar ratio in said hot gas is over 0.05; further feeding a starting hydrocarbon to the hot gas mixture comprising the methane, hydrogen and steam; subjecting the starting hydrocarbon to thermal cracking while keeping the partial pressure of hydrogen at least 0.1 bar at the outlet of a reactor, the temperature at 800.degree. to 1200.degree. C., and the residence time at 5 to 300 milliseconds; and quenching the resulting reaction product.

Abstract: A combination operation for upgrading reduced crudes is described which particularly restricts the contact time between hydrocarbons, solid sorbent material and cracking catalyst particles whereby quenching of visbroken product vapors is eliminated, coke formation is substantially restricted and catalytic cracking of hot product vapors of visbreaking contributes to the catalytic cracking thereof in a time-temperature restricted atmosphere providing substantial yields of gasoline and gasoline precursors.

Abstract: Durene is recovered from a mixture rich in durene and containing hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range by cooling the mixture to a point where crystallization occurs and separating the crystallized durene. The durene subsequently is washed with a wash fluid. The wash fluid which can be methanol, is returned to a process wherein it is converted to gasoline and durene. The separated mother liquor is added to the gasoline fraction. The original mixture is obtained by the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas and methanol or by other means.

Abstract: An improved olefin disproportionation catalyst produced by contacting an inorganic refractory oxide containing a catalytic amount of tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide with a promoting amount of at least one elemental metal selected from zinc and manganese.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for the conversion of an aldehyde to a diolefin comprising contacting an aldehyde of 4 to 6 carbon atoms in the vapor phase at a temperature of 300.degree. to 400.degree. C. with a catalyst comprising boron phosphate wherein the initial molar ratio of phosphorous (P) to boron (B) (P/B) is less than 1.0 but greater than 0.6 which is in intimate admixture with from 0.1 to 10 weight percent graphite. More specifically, this invention is concerned with a process for the catalytic dehydration of 2-methylbutanal (2MBA) to isoprene in the vapor phase with a boron phosphate catalyst wherein the improvement comprises the use of a catalyst with a molar ratio of P/B of less than 1.0 but greater than 0.6 which contains from 0.1 to 10 weight percent graphite and 0 to 10 mole percent, based on moles of boron, of ammonia or an amine selected from the group consisting of mono-, di- and/or tri- alkyl amines of 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process for the low temperature oxydehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene uses a calcined oxide catalyst containing Mo, V, Nb, Sb, and at least one metal from a given group of metals.

Abstract: Gasoline product yield is enhanced in a fixed bed methanol-to-gasoline process by splitting the conversion reactor into a series of smaller conversion reactors such that the total amount of catalyst normally present in the single conversion reactor is present in equal quantities in the smaller conversion reactors. The smaller conversion reactors operate sequentially with the next conversion reactor beginning operation only when the preceeding conversion reactor is catalytically exhausted. The by-passing of one or more of the catalyst beds prevents premature deactivation of the catalyst beds downstream of the point at which the reaction products are removed.

Abstract: A method for processing a used oil which comprises about 70 percent by weight spindle and neutral oils, about 5 percent by weight lower and higher boiling point oils, about 10 percent by weight useful additives and oxidation products, about 10 percent by weight water, about 5 percent by weight difficultly volatile and nonvolatile hydrocarbons, and solid impurities, comprising: (a) dewatering the used oil; (b) contacting the dewatered used oil with a gas in a supercritical state, at a temperature above the critical temperature and at a pressure from its critical pressure up to about 350 bar to form (1) a gaseous extraction phase containing the spindle and neutral oils and the additives, the spindle and neutral oils and substantially all the additives being extracted into the gaseous extraction phase during the contact with the supercritical gas and (2) an extraction residue; (c) separating the gaseous extraction phase from the extraction residue; and (d) separating the extracted spindle and neutral oils and th

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading heavy hydrocarbon oil by thermal treatment which in one preferred embodiment involves heating a petroleum residuum type of heavy oil feedstock at a temperature of 450.degree.-550.degree. C. and a pressure of 10-200 psi for a period of about 0.1-1 hour to convert at least 60 weight percent of the heavy oil to gasoline and gas oil range products, and additionally providing a residual tar fraction which has a fusion temperature below about 160.degree. C.About 1-10 weight percent of solid carbonaceous fines are incorporated in the feedstock to suppress the deposition of coke in the thermal treatment zone.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a hydrocarbon gas comprising methane, an oxygen-containing gas and a reducible metal oxide under synthesis conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane and oxygen with a contact solid which comprises at least one manganese silicate.

Abstract: A method for passivating the adverse catalytic effects of metal contaminants, such as nickel, vanadium and iron, which become deposited on cracking catalyst is disclosed. A passivation promoter selected from the group consisting of cadmium, germanium, indium, tellurium and zinc is deposited on the catalyst and the catalyst is passed through a passivation zone having a reducing atmosphere maintained at an elevated temperature to decrease the adverse catalytic effects of the metal contaminants. The present method is of particular utility where the residence time of the cracking catalyst in the passivation zone is relatively short.

Abstract: The catalytic hydrodesulfurization and/or hydrodenitrogenation of an organic sulfur compound and/or an organic nitrogen compound is carried out in the presence of a hydrogel derived catalyst comprising zinc titanate and alumina promoted with cobalt and molybdenum.

Abstract: Octane and total yield improvement in catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions under cracking conditions can be obtained by adding to conventional cracking catalysts small amounts of an additive catalyst comprising a class of zeolites characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio greater than 5 and a Constraint Index of 1 to 12 wherein the zeolite additive catalyst is prepared via in-situ crystallization of preformed aggregates.

Abstract: An improved method for converting methane to higher hydrocarbon products by contacting a hydrocarbon gas comprising methane, an oxygen-containing gas and a reducible metal oxide under synthesis conditions, the improvement which comprises contacting methane and oxygen with a contact solid which also contains a promoting amount of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and/or compounds thereof. Sodium is a particularly effective promoter. Stability of the promoted contact agent is enhanced by the presence of minor amounts of phosphorus.