Abstract: Process for the complete replacement under operating conditions of particles in a vessel provided with a feed inlet and, if desired, a separate particle inlet, a particle outlet and an effluent outlet, wherein part of the feed passing through the vessel during withdrawal of particles is by-passing the vessel when the particles still present in the vessel do not occupy more than 20% v of the volume initially occupied by particles and the feed is passed through the vessel before or during the addition of fresh particles.The process is particularly suitable for the complete replacement under operating conditions of spent hydrodemetallization catalysts.

Abstract: A class of cation-reordered, bismuth-containing compounds having a perovskite-type structure of the formulaBa.sub.2 La.sub.y Bi.sub.2-y O.sub.6wherein y is greater than 0 but less than 1, is provided. Preferably, y is from 0.25 to 0.75, and most preferably y is 0.5.The compositions herein are found to be particularly advantageous in the selective production of aromatic compounds from acyclic olefins, particularly in the production of benzene from propylene.

Abstract: A process is provided for the conversion of carbohydrates such as starch, cellulose and sugar into hydrocarbon products of increased carbon content. Solutions of the carbohydrate are contacted with a crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5 at a temperature 300.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. to provide hydrocarbon products which are useful as chemicals or fuels.

Abstract: A spinnable precursor from petroleum pitch is obtained by subjecting a distillable oil removed carbonaceous residue of petroleum origin to solvent extraction and thereafter heat treating the extracted solvent insoluble fraction under reduced pressure.

Abstract: A process to convert a substantially linear alkene, such as n-butene, to isomerized products comprises contacting such alkene under conversion conditions comprising a temperature of above 300.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C. and an alkene reactant partial pressure of less than about 0.4 atmospheres with an AMS-1B borosilicate catalyst composition containing at least 50 wt. % hydrogen from AMS-1B incorporated in an inert binder.

Abstract: A process for sweetening a sour hydrocarbon fraction containing mercaptan which comprises reacting mercaptan contained in the hydrocarbon fraction with an oxidizing agent by contacting the hydrocarbon fraction and the oxidizing agent with a supported metal chelate mercaptan oxidation catalyst and anhydrous ammonia in the absence of an aqueous phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). The output of a reactor riser zone is fed to a riser cyclone separator, a primary cyclone separator, and secondary cyclone separators, connected in series within a single reactor vessel. The riser cyclone separator is connected to the primary cyclone separator by a conduit, which prevents random post-riser thermal cracking of the hydrocarbons after they exit the riser cyclone separator. The conduit contains an annular port to allow stripping gas to enter the conduit to improve the separation of hydrocarbons from catalyst. Catalyst separated in the riser cyclone separator drops through a riser cyclone dipleg and passes through a dipleg seal which comprises a seal pot or catalyst held around the dipleg. The conduit is formed by two overlapping parts, one having a larger diameter than the other to form the annular port and packing or spacers may be used to align and space the overlapping parts.

Abstract: A method of separating a process material comprising oils, resins and asphaltenes into at least three fractions. The process material is mixed in a mixing zone with a solvent selected from the group consisting of paraffinic hydrocarbons having between about 3 and about 8 carbon atoms. The process material-solvent mixture is introduced into a first separation zone to form an asphaltene-rich first heavy fraction and a resin-rich intermediate fraction, separated by a first liquid-liquid interface, and to form a first light fraction, rich in solvent and oils, separated from the intermediate fraction by a second liquid-liquid interface.The first heavy fraction and the intermediate fraction are withdrawn from the first separation zone. The first light fraction is introduced into a second separation zone to separate a second heavy fraction, rich in oils, and a second light fraction, rich in solvent.

Abstract: A nonaqueous process of hydrogenating and liquefying solid carbonaceous material which includes heating the material in contact with a catalyst derived from FE(CO).sub.9 in the presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: A retort process and product therefrom relating to the recovering of oil from Western-type U.S. shale utilizing carbon dioxide as a sweep gas. Other contributing factors with regard to increase in recovery include the heating rate, the sweep gas rate, particle size, and final temperature. The amount of increased recovery over conventional systems ranges up to about 25 percent.

Abstract: A delayed coking process is provided in which the fresh hydrocarbonaceous oil feed is divided into at least two streams. One stream is introduced directly into the preheating zone of the coking zone and one stream is introduced into the coker product fractionator. The fractionator bottoms fraction is recycled to the preheating zone as a separate stream from the fresh feed stream. The separate preheated fresh feed stream is introduced into the top of the coking zone and the preheated recycled fractionator bottoms fraction is introduced into the bottom of the coking zone. The given fresh feed splitting configuration permits decreasing the recycle rate of the heavy coker product and increasing liquid yield while the top and bottom feeding to the coking zone permit subjecting the given streams to different severity of coking.

Abstract: A hydrocarbonaceous feedstock upgrading process is disclosed. Spent nickel arsenide-containing catalyst from demetallation guard chambers or hydroprocessing operations are utilized to upgrade the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock prior to dearsenation. The spent catalysts have significant activity for diolefin saturation and CCR removal at temperatures low enough to reduce olefin polymerization reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the substantial reduction of hydrogen sulfide formation during retorting of oil shale by previously treating the oil shale under mild oxidative conditions to passivate the pyrite present in the oil shale. The oxidation of the oil shale under mild oxidative conditions results in the reduction of hydrogen sulfide formation during retorting without a decrease in the amount of oil produced.

Abstract: A process for the production of jet fuels, diesel fuels, multi-purpose fuels meeting the specifications for both high grade jet fuels and diesel fuels, and high quality blending components useful for the production of such fuels; and the compositions produced thereby. In accordance with the process, a multi-reactor system, inclusive of a first reactor and a second reactor are connected through a first distillation column which separates the product of the first reactor into two or more fractions to provide a heavy feed fraction which is charged to the second reactor, wherein the heavy feed is hydroselectively cracked. The product from the second reactor is fractionated to produce high quality jet and diesel fuels, multi-purpose jet and diesel fuels, or provide a major blending component for the production of such fuels, or fuel components.

Abstract: A new catalyst with a highly dealuminated mordenite base, useful in particular in hydrotreatment processes for improving the low temperature properties and the pour point and cloud point of oil cuts contains:(1) an acidic carrier comprising(a) at least 50% (calculated as dry base) of highly dealuminated mordenite and characterized by a molar ratio SiO.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 higher than 110 and a sodium content lower than or equal to 0.5% by weight, and(b) an amorphous matrix, and(2) said acid carrier containing in association at least one oxide of a metal from group VIII and at least one oxide of a metal from group VI of the periodic classification of elements.

Abstract: The heat to a feed in a distillation operation is controlled in response to the amount of liquid in a liquid condensate collection means.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon feedstocks such as distillate fuel oils and gas oils are dewaxed by isomerizing the waxy components over a zeolite beta catalyst. The process may be carried out in the presence or absence of added hydrogen. Preferred catalysts have a zeolite silica:alumina ratio over 100:1.

Abstract: A process is provided for the hydrocracking of a hydrocarbon charge stock which comprises reacting the charge stock with hydrogen at hydrocracking conversion conditions in contact with a catalytic composite comprising a combination of a Group VIB metal component, Group VIII metal component, and a fluorine component present in an amount ranging from 1 to 3 wt. %, on an elemental basis, based on the composite, with a silica-thoria carrier material wherein the carrier is cogelled silica-thoria consisting of from about 25% to about 99% by weight silica and from 1% to about 75% by weight thoria.A hydrocracking catalyst is also provided which comprises a combination of a nickel component, a tungsten component, and a fluorine component with a silica-thoria carrier material. The nickel, tungsten, and fluorine components are present in amounts sufficient to result in the composite containing, on an elemental basis, about 0.5 to about 2 wt. % of the nickel component, about 0.5 to about 14 wt.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon conversion catalysts contain at least one Group VIB metal component, at least one Group VIII metal component, and a phosphorus component on a porous refractory oxide and have a narrow pore size distribution including at least about 75 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter from about 70 to about 130 angstroms. The catalyst is useful for promoting a number of hydrocarbon conversion reactions, particularly those involving hydrogenative desulfurization.

Abstract: A stable aqueous suspension containing an organic azo compound as polymerization initiator in fine particles, containing substantially no organic solvent and containing no foam which damages dispersing stability of the aqueous suspension and retards polymerization rate can be formed by dissolving an organic azo compound in an organic solvent, emulsifying the resulting solution by adding water and a dispersing agent A and a dispersing agent B thereto with stirring, and removing the organic solvent from the emulsified liquid preferably under reduced pressure.