Abstract: Disclosed is an exhaust gas purification catalyst carrier which includes a phosphate salt represented by formula: MPO4 (wherein M represents Y, La, or Al) or a zirconium phosphate represented by formula ZrP2O7; an exhaust gas purification catalyst containing a noble metal at least containing Rh and supported on the carrier; and an exhaust gas purification catalyst product having a catalyst support made of a ceramic or metallic material, and a layer of the exhaust gas purification catalyst, the layer being supported on the catalyst support.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of separating carbohydrate, including: mixing formic acid with heteropoly acid, chloride or bromide of lithium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, or iron, or combinations thereof to form a mixing liquid. The method also includes dissolving a cellulose biomass by the mixing liquid to form a solution, mixing water and the solution to hydrolyze the cellulose biomass for forming a carbohydrate solution, and mixing an extractant and the carbohydrate solution to extract the formic acid out of the carbohydrate solution. The heteropoly acid, the chloride or bromide of lithium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, or iron, or combinations thereof in the carbohydrate solution is separated out of the carbohydrate solution by ion exclusion chromatography separation to obtain a carbohydrate.

Abstract: Process for transformation of a feedstock of lignocellulosic biomass and/or the carbohydrates, into mono-oxidized or poly-oxidized compounds, wherein the feedstock is contacted, simultaneously, with a catalytic system that comprises one or more homogeneous catalysts selected from Brønsted acids and heterogeneous catalysts comprising at least one metal selected from groups 6 to 11 and 14 of the periodic table, and a substrate selected from perovskites of formula ABO3, in which A is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and La, and B is selected from Fe, Mn, Ti and Zr, oxides of lanthanum, neodymium, yttrium, cerium, and niobium, or mixtures thereof, and mixed oxides of aluminates of zinc, copper, and cobalt, or mixtures thereof, in the same reaction chamber, with at least one solvent, being water or water with at least one other solvent, under reducing atmosphere, and temperature of 50° C. to 300° C., and pressure of 0.5 MPa to 20 MPa.

Abstract: A method of digesting lignocellulosic material includes the steps of providing the lignocellulosic material and a caustic composition having a pH of at least about 10. The caustic composition includes water, an alkaline- or alkaline earth-metal hydroxide, and up to about 1 percent by weight based on a total weight of the composition of a branched digestion additive. The branched digestion additive has the structure: wherein A is at least one alkyleneoxy group and each alkyleneoxy group has from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, n is 0 or 1, B is a branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group having from 8 to 15 carbon atoms, X is H or B-0-(A)m, and each m is independently an average value from 3 to 30, and wherein the caustic composition has a Draves Wetting Time of less than 100 seconds as determined using ASTM D2281.

Abstract: Provided is a surfactant-free, single-step synthesis of delaminated aluminosilicate zeolites. The process comprises the step of heating a borosilicate zeolite precursor in a metal salt solution, e.g., an aluminum nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution or manganese nitrate solution. The delaminated aluminosilicate zeolite product is then recovered from the solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to regulation of the p H of a liquefaction process. Presented is a method for treatment of a biomass feedstock wherein the biomass feedstock is subjected to liquefaction, at a p H of at most 4, by treatment with hot compressed liquid water (HCW) at subcritical and/or supercritical conditions to improve the conversion efficiency. The present invention is also directed to quenching of a liquefaction process according to above, preventing, minimizing or eliminating clogging and/or fouling of sticky biomass components in process equipment during processing as according to above, and to the use of additives in a biomass liquefaction process.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen, includes heating a process feed gas stream, flowing the process feed gas stream into a first reaction zone, flowing the intermediate gas stream into a second reaction zone, removing the solid carbon product from the second reaction zone, removing the tail gas stream from the second reaction zone, and removing hydrogen from the tail gas stream. The process gas stream includes methane and steam. The first reaction zone contains a first catalyst, and at least a portion of the process feed gas stream is converted into an intermediate gas stream in the first reaction zone. The second reaction zone contains a second catalyst, and at least a portion of the intermediate gas stream is converted into a tail gas stream and a solid carbon product in the second reaction zone.

Abstract: Single crystals of the new semiconducting oxychalcogenide phase were synthesized using a novel crystal growth method. The crystals had low defects and homogeneous composition as characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Heat capacity and resistivity measurements were in agreement with the calculated band structure calculations indicating semiconductivity, with a band gap of about 3 eV.

Abstract: A method produces a sugar liquid from a cellulosic biomass material, which sugar liquid has improved fermentability. The method produces a sugar liquid by: adding an alkali(s) to a concentrated cellulosic biomass sugar liquid to adjust the pH to not less than 7 to precipitate an insoluble substance(s) containing at least magnesium; and performing filtration through a microfiltration membrane to remove the insoluble substance(s), to obtain a sugar liquid as a permeate.

Abstract: Processes for recovering sugars and nicotine from a tobacco biomass include feeding a biomass of tobacco plants and subcritical water to a reactor, hydrolyzing the biomass of tobacco plants with the subcritical water at a temperature between about 150° C. and 305° C. and recovering a liquid product and a solid product from the reactor, wherein the liquid product contains water-soluble sugars and nicotine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying beet sugar juice and more particularly sugar juice obtained by pressing beets. It also relates to the purified juice and to the uses thereof, in particular as a fermentation substrate and for preparing granulated sugar. The purification process according to the invention comprises a step of passing the juice to be treated through a cellulose-fibre-based pre-layer. This process can be improved when the juice to be treated comprises between 0.1% and 4% of cellulose fibres.

Abstract: A hydrogen sulphide adsorbent is formed from an alkali metal nanotitanate having a portion of the alkali metal cations exchanged with metal cations reactive with hydrogen sulphide, and heat treated. A method for producing the adsorbent includes the steps of mixing an alkali metal nanotitanate in powder form into an aqueous metal cation solution to produce a slurry, which is subsequently dehydrated to produce a powder, which is heat treated. A low temperature method for removing hydrogen sulphide from a gaseous mixture involves exposing the gaseous mixture to the aforementioned adsorbent, at a temperature less than 250° C. The adsorbent maintains a high adsorption capacity over a range of activation temperatures and humidity conditions.

Abstract: A method of obtaining purified hydrogen and purified carbon monoxide from crude synthesis gas. A first crude synthesis gas stream is passed through a first separation zone to separate a hydrogen stream from a stream comprising carbon monoxide and methane. The carbon monoxide and methane are subjected to thermal reforming to produce a second crude synthesis gas, which is passed through a second separation zone to separate carbon monoxide from the second crude synthesis gas stream.

Abstract: A method of capturing carbon dioxide emitted by a power plant includes providing a reactor vessel having a shell with a top and a bottom, introducing an exhaust gas stream into the reactor vessel, the exhaust gas stream containing carbon dioxide, whereby the exhaust gas stream rises toward the top of the reactor vessel. The method includes introducing an organic sorbent solution into the reactor vessel near the top of the reactor vessel so that the organic sorbent solution falls toward the bottom of the reactor vessel, mixing the rising exhaust gas stream with the falling organic sorbent solution to precipitate calcium carbonate, and removing the calcium carbonate from the bottom of the reactor vessel, whereby the calcium carbonate includes the carbon dioxide from the exhaust gas stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of processing lignocellulosic biomass comprising: providing lignocellulosic biomass feedstock; pretreating said biomass feedstock by continuous hydrothermal pretreatment in a pressurized reactor; measuring xylan number or lignin number in the output stream of pretreated biomass from the pretreatment reactor; and controlling the pretreatment reactor so as to maintain, in the output stream of pretreated biomass, a pre-determined level of measured xylan number or lignin number. The method allows for continuously controlling the digestibility of a lignocellulosic biomass during the step of pretreatment, and accordingly provides a continuous estimate of the severity of the pretreatment.

Abstract: A method and system for producing a synthesis gas in an oxygen transport membrane based reforming system that utilizes a combined feed stream having a steam to carbon ratio between about 1.6 and 3.0 and a temperature between about 500° C. and 750° C. The combined feed stream is comprised a pre-reformed hydrocarbon feed, superheated steam, and a reaction product stream created by the reaction of a hydrogen containing stream reacted with the permeated oxygen at the permeate side of the oxygen transport membrane elements and wherein the oxygen transport membrane based reforming system and associated synthesis production process equipment are substantially free of carbon formation and metal dusting corrosion.

Abstract: A selective removal of metal and its anion species that are detrimental to subsequent hydrothermal hydrocatalytic conversion from the biomass feed prior to carrying out catalytic hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis/hydrodeoxygenation of the biomass in a manner that does not reduce the effectiveness of the hydrothermal hydrocatalytic treatment while minimizing the amount of water used in the process is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing a sugar liquid, includes filtering a cellulose-derived sugar liquid through one or more separation membranes selected from the group consisting of ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes, and washing the separation membrane(s) after filtration with warm water at a temperature of not less than 50° C.

Abstract: A selective removal of metal and its anion species that are detrimental to subsequent hydrothermal hydrocatalytic conversion from the biomass feed prior to carrying out catalytic hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis/hydrodeoxygenation of the biomass in a manner that does not reduce the effectiveness of the hydrothermal hydrocatalytic treatment while minimizing the amount of water used in the process is provided.

Abstract: A selective removal of chlorine and phosphorus that are detrimental to subsequent hydrothermal hydrocatalytic conversion from the biomass feed prior to carrying out catalytic hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis/hydrodeoxygenation of the biomass in a manner that does not reduce the effectiveness of the hydrothermal hydrocatalytic treatment while minimizing the amount of water used in the process is provided.