Abstract: It has now been found that these and other objects of the invention may be attained in a vapor generation apparatus which includes a tube wall and an elongated first horizontal buckstay disposed at a first elevation. The apparatus also includes coupling means coupling the first horizontal buckstay to the tube wall, an elongated second horizontal buckstay disposed at an elevation that is higher than the first elevation. The apparatus also includes means for coupling the second horizontal buckstay to the tube wall. A first elongated vertical buckstay member has first and second ends and also includes for securing one end of the first elongated vertical buckstay members to one of the horizontal buckstay members.

Abstract: Combustion waste gases of coal dust comprising SO.sub.2 and fly ash are completely and dry desulphurized by very quickly heating up the fly ash to a high temperature which, however, is below the sintering temperature of the fly ash, and cooling the combustion waste gases to a temperature, the distance of which to the water dew point is relatively small and is below 25.degree. C. Thereby, SO.sub.2 is bound into the ash, so that the combustion waste gases become free of SO.sub.2. (FIG.

Abstract: Liquid accumulators which substantially include several or at least one type of energy generation, such as heatable to almost the temperature of fresh air by solar irradiation with the thermal supply of circulation heat, by refuse combustion with the recovery of waste heat, by recovery of waste heat from exhaust gases in the case of heating boilers and generators, and also usable in a continuous process for the production of biogas from small refuse in the sewage.

Abstract: An integrated low NO.sub.x tangential firing system (12) that is particularly suited for use with pulverized solid fuel-fired furnaces (10), and a method of operating a pulverized solid fuel-fired furnace (10) equipped with an integrated low NO.sub.x tangential firing system (12). The integrated low NO.sub.x tangential firing system (12) when so employed with a pulverized solid fuel-fired furnace (10) is capable of limiting NO.sub.x emissions therefrom to less than 0.15 lb./10.sup. 6 BTU, while yet maintaining carbon-in-flyash to less than 5% and CO emissions to less than 50 ppm. The integrated low NO.sub.x tangential firing system (12) includes pulverized solid fuel supply means (62), flame attachment pulverized solid fuel nozzle tips (60), concentric firing nozzles, close-coupled overfire air (98,100), and multi-staged separate overfire air (104,106).

Abstract: An apparatus for improving mass transfer in a multiple hearth furnace has a plurality of risers adjacent the furnace center shaft which are in fluid communication with a source of treatment fluid. The risers have radially extending branch pipes, each pipe having a plurality of downcomers corresponding to the rabbles on an adjacent rabble arm. The downcomers have outlets or nozzles at their distal ends and they are preferably located adjacent a rear face of the rabble, near a trailing edge. In operation, as the rabbles plough over the material on the furnace hearth, the downcomers inject a treatment fluid, such as steam or reducing gas, into the material at the point of stirring. This ensures full exposure of the material to the treatment fluid. A second embodiment places the outlets beneath the top surface of the material to be treated. A method for mass transfer on a rotary hearth furnace is also disclosed.

Abstract: A pressurized internal circulating fluidized-bed boiler is incorporated in a combined-cycle electric generating system in which a fuel such as coal, petro coke or the like is combusted in a pressurized fluidized bed and an exhaust gas produced by the combusted fuel is introduced into a gas turbine. The pressurized internal circulating fluidized-bed boiler includes a pressure vessel, a combustor disposed in the pressure vessel and a primary fluidized bed incinerating chamber provided with an air diffusion device. A thermal energy recovery chamber is partitioned from the primary fluidized bed incinerating chamber by an inclined partition wall. A fluidizing medium flows into and out of the primary incinerating chamber and the thermal energy recovery chamber.

Abstract: An incinerator plant is provided having a primary and secondary incinerator and a combustion furnace connected thereof, the incinerators having a cooling chamber filled with cooling water which is formed between the bottom plate and a partition wall plate, with the combustion chamber formed above the bottom plate. A fan chamber is formed under the partition wall plate and connected to the combustion chamber by a draft tube installed through the bottom plate and partition wall plate so that outside air fed in to the fan chamber flows in to the combustion through the draft tubes, and the bottom plate which has become hot will be cooled by cooling water in the cooling chamber. Gases produced from the incinerator are passed into the combustion chamber which is adapted to burn combustion gases generated in the primary and secondary incinerators.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting formation of unburned substances in incinerating refuse is practiced with use of an incinerator wherein a peripheral wall defining a combustion chamber is provided with a nozzle for injecting at least one mixing fluid selected from the group consisting of air, water, water vapor, inert gas and combustion exhaust gas into the combustion chamber and producing a swirling stream of the fluid within the chamber. When the refuse is incinerated, the mixing fluid is injected into the combustion chamber from the nozzle, whereby the flame and unburned substances produced within the chamber are efficiently mixed with an excessive portion of air supplied to the chamber and remaining therein to ensure promoted complete combustion.

Abstract: A fluidized bed water tube boiler comprising a fluidized bed combustion section including a fluidized bed formed from a continuous water tube wall, a free-board section for burning volatile components produced in the fluidized bed combustion section, and a convective heat transfer section comprised of a steam drum and a water drum connected to the downstream side of the freeboard section through water tubes for recovering heat from combustion exhaust gas; wherein the fluidized bed combustion section and the freeboard section are formed as separable modules which are connected to each other, and circulation of a boiler water between the fluidized bed combustion section and the convective heat transfer section is separated from that between the freeboard section and the convective heat transfer section.

Abstract: A process for reducing sulfur emissions and increasing particulate removal in the combustion of pulverized coal is presented. Pulverized sulfur-containing coal is injected along with combustion air into a combustion chamber and fired to create a combustion zone within the chamber, thereby creating gaseous sulfur and particulate emission products. The emission products are directed to an exhaust means where the particulate emission products are removed. A fuel having negligible sulfur content and a heating value higher than coal is injected in substantially the same direction as the coal and combustion air stream into a region of the combustion zone through which a majority of the of the gaseous sulfur emissions must pass to reach the exhaust means, thus increasing the temperature of the region in an amount sufficient to increase the sulfur content of the particulate emission products.

Abstract: A radially fired water heating apparatus (10) having a plurality of stacked segments of multiple-loop, finned coiled tubing (58) separated by inner and outer support baffles (86, 88), all contained within a cylindrical baffle (20) which cooperates with the coiled tubing (58) and support baffles (86, 88) to direct combustion by-products into an annulus (24) promoting heat transfer to a countercurrent flow of inlet air, the water being supplied to and recovered from the stacked segments of coiled tubing (58) through inlet and outlet headers (54, 56) disposed outside cylindrical baffle (20) that can be selectively modified by installing or removing baffles (90, 92) for either single-pass or multiple-pass operation.

Abstract: Methods and suitable devices for the intermediate storage, transport and preparation as well as utilization of waste goods of all kinds are described, said waste goods being compacted down to a plurality of its original volume while maintaining their mixed and composite structure, are stored in intermediate storage and are transported in this form, if required, and are so compacted subjected to a pyrolysis. The totality of the pyrolysis products being under elevated pressure is subsequently subjected immediately to a high-temperature treatment. The compacted waste goods may be crammed into containers and are subjected to a low-temperature pressure pyrolysis. In case of ecological preparation of consumption goods such as motor vehicle wrecks or the like, a large-volume apportioning of the scrap goods is carried out by subdividing and/or crushing prior to the intermittent feeding into the pyrolysis chamber.

Abstract: A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) which contains multiple superheater and reheater tube units, each unit including an upper and lower header connected pressure-tightly together by a plurality of vertically-oriented tubes provided in alternate parallel banks, with the tubes of adjacent units being provided in an internested arrangement. Each superheater and reheater unit contains primary straight tubes and secondary bent tubes which are offset from the primary straight tubes in a direction perpendicular to the upper and lower headers and parallel to the direction of hot gas flowing transversely past the internested tubes. The ratio of the number of superheater tubes to reheater tubes in each row of tubes is provided in proportion to the desired heat transfer from the hot combustion gas to the superheated or reheated steam passing through the tubes in the generator assembly.

Abstract: A reversible, wear-resistant ash screw cooler section is provided with a carbon steel inner liner having a high chrome, high carbide overlay emplaced thereon to improve its wear and erosion resistance. To facilitate obtaining the maximum wear out of the section, the replaceable section is made symmetrical about its vertical and longitudinal centerline and provided with suitable compatible flanges and symmetrically placed cooling water hookups on the ends of the section to allow the section to be reversed, end for end, and reconnected to the ash screw cooler.

Abstract: Damper apparatus for air ports of a chemical recovery furnace is mounted on a removable windbox faceplate. Damper blades extend from a cantilevered arm pivoted at the forward side of the faceplate, with the damper blades being otherwise unsupported, i.e., they are not confined to travel in tracks within the windbox. Rather, a counterweight urges the damper blades against the air port opening whereby the whole mechanism is free for removal as a unit with the faceplate. Cooperatively operable air port cleaning apparatus is also mounted on the faceplate.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for thermal treatment and stabilization of waste materials in which waste material is introduced into an uppermost first combustion zone of a vertically oriented combustion chamber and a fuel and an oxidant are tangentially injected into the first combustion zone, oxidizing at least a portion of any organic material in the waste materials and melting at least a portion of any inorganic material in the waste materials. A second portion of fuel and oxidant is injected into a second combustion zone disposed immediately below and in communication with the first combustion zone, melting any remaining inorganic material in the waste material after which the melted waste material is removed from the bottom area of the combustion chamber for disposal.

Abstract: A low lying horizontal furnace comprising a fireproof enclosure sealed by a top burns solid fuels which are gravity fed through a vertical feed chamber positioned over a feed aperture in the top of the furnace. An exhaust stack is placed over an exhaust aperture spaced away from the feed aperture for venting exhaust gases from the furnace. Elongated fins are fixed to the underside of the top for channeling the exhaust gases from the feed aperture to the exhaust aperture. The horizontal furnace provides a field expedient furnace for cooking and heating for mass populations in that the top can be placed over a shallow pit dug into the ground for combusting solid fuels.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus for improving fluid flow and gas mixing in boilers. More particularly, this invention pertains to a method and apparatus for improved fluid flow and gas mixing in kraft recovery boilers for increased energy efficiency, reduced TRS emissions and increased capacity. The method of introducing air into a boiler furnace comprises: (a) introducing air through at least one opening located on at least a first wall of the interior of the furnace; and (b) introducing air through at least one second opening located on a second wall of the interior of the furnace opposed to the first wall at the same, or slightly different, elevations.

Abstract: A container having a chamber with a cool water inlet disposed at the top thereof in a burner near the bottom thereof. An exhaust for flue gases is disposed at the top of the container. A first heat exchange zone is disposed in the chamber above the burner inlet for permitting the rising heat and products of combustion to contact the falling water from the water inlet. A second heat exchange zone is disposed in the chamber below the first heat exchange zone and a heat exchange pipe is disposed in the second heat exchange zone for being in direct contact with the flame of the burner. A pool of heated water is disposed at the bottom of the container and is pumped therefrom through the heat exchanger in the second zone whereby the water therein will be heated and pumped to a radiator or other place where the heat is needed. A third heat exchange zone is provided for receiving the exhaust flue gases and using such heat to heat the same zone as the other heat exchangers, another zone, or another medium.

Abstract: In a process for low-pollutant combustion in a power station boiler (22) for steam generation, at least one precombustion chamber (24) acts at the boiler itself, which precombustion chamber is operated with at least one burner (25a-c). At least a part of the primary air (26) initially flows through a heat exchanger (24c) , in which a caloric treatment of this air takes place to give combustion air (26a). This combustion air (26a) then flows into the burner (25a-c), where a mixing, and subsequent combustion with fuel (12) or with another mixture takes place. A further air stream as secondary air (27) is injected directly into the precombustion chamber (24), this taking place directly before the actual join of the precombustion chamber (24) to the boiler (22). Downstream of the precombustion chamber (24), a tertiary air stream (29) is fed into the boiler (22). Using this configuration, a process with double air staging is proposed, the boiler (22) being operated with air deficiency.