Abstract: A radiometric measurement device is provided, including at least one at least partially bent source receiving tube configured to receive a radiation source; and at least one transmission tube configured to provide a guiding path within the transmission tube for at least a portion of radiation emitted by the radiation source, the source receiving tube and the transmission tube being arranged with respect to each other such that at least a portion of the radiation emitted by the radiation source is guidable in a straight line through a material disposable between the radiation source and a distal end of the transmission tube and the guide path, and the source receiving tube and the transmission tube being arranged adjacent to each other.

Abstract: Dye-loaded fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles working as light-harvesting nano-antenna, which efficiently transfer the excitation energy to acceptor dyes and, therefore, amplifies emission of the latter are provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring structural and material characteristics of semiconductor structures based on combined x-ray reflectometry (XRR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are presented herein. A combined XRR and XPS system includes an x-ray illumination source and x-ray illumination optics shared by both the XRR and XPS measurement subsystems. This increases throughput and measurement accuracy by simultaneously collecting XRR and XPS measurement data from the same area of the wafer. A combined XRR and XPS system improves measurement accuracy by employing XRR measurement data to improve measurements performed by the XPS subsystem, and vice-versa. In addition, a combined XRR and XPS system enables simultaneous analysis of both XRR and XPS measurement data to more accurately estimate values of one of more parameters of interest. In a further aspect, any of measurement spot size, photon flux, beam shape, beam diameter, and illumination energy are independently controlled.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of calibrating gamma-ray and photon counting detectors, including, but not limited to, monolithic crystal detectors. The method of the present invention is based on the observation that measurement of fan beam datasets allows the synthesis of collimated beam data to derive MDRFs by use of an algorithm that finds the common or intersecting data subsets of two or more orthogonal calibration datasets. This makes the calibration process very efficient while still allowing the full benefits of maximum-likelihood event-parameter estimation that incorporates the statistical nature of the light sensor measurements.

Abstract: There are provided a radiation detector module, a radiation detector, and a radiographic imaging apparatus which make it possible to increase the row number while suppressing a length in a body-axis direction. The radiation detector module includes a detector substrate on which a scintillator, a photodiode, and AD conversion chips are loaded, and a control substrate which supplies power to the detector substrate and controls the operation of an AD conversion unit (AFE) of each AD conversion chip of the detector substrate. The plurality of radiation detector modules configure a radiation detector which suppresses the length in the body-axis direction by connecting together the two substrates so as to form a two-stage structure by stacking connectors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for determining the change in concentration of a substance in solution over time by continuously monitoring in real time. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for continuously monitoring the concentration of compounds during the manufacturing process of biomolecules.

Abstract: A light detector includes a substrate, a membrane disposed on a surface of the substrate, a first and a second electrode post supporting the membrane. The first electrode post includes a first main body portion having a tubular shape spreading from a first electrode pad toward a side opposite to the substrate, and a first flange portion provided in an end portion at the side opposite to the substrate in the first main body portion. The first flange portion is provided with a first sloped surface inclined so as to approach the substrate as it goes away from the first main body portion. A first wiring layer reaches an inner surface of the first main body portion through the first sloped surface. The second electrode post and the second wiring layer are formed similarly to the first electrode post and the first wiring layer.

Abstract: A method and system for using in a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system. The PET system comprises at least one processor and a storage. The PET system comprises an acquisition module and a processing module. The acquisition module is configured to acquire a PET data set corresponding to a target object. The acquisition module comprises a first light sensor array, a second light sensor array, and a scintillator array. The processing module is configured to determine a three-dimensional position of an incidence photon based on the PET data set. The first number of light sensors in the first light sensor array and the second number of light sensors of the second light sensor array is less than the number of scintillator of the scintillator array.

Abstract: A stable and highly accurate gas detections apparatus is provided. A gas detection apparatus 1 includes a light emitting element 3 provided on a main surface 20 of the substrate 2 for emitting light from a light emitting surface 31; a light receiving element 4 provided on the main surface 20 of the substrate 2 for receiving the light on a light receiving surface 41; and a light guide member 5 for guiding the light emitted by the light emitting element 3 to the light receiving element 4. In plan view of the main surface of the substrate, the light emitting surface 31 and the light receiving surface 41 are shaped to have corners, and side of the light emitting surface 31 after being subjected to a magnification or reduction and a translation do not overlap sides of the light receiving surface 41.

Abstract: A radiographic imaging apparatus includes a hardware processor. The hardware processor performs: image generation of generating a radiograph according to received radiation; a determination of whether a use permission condition for permitting use of the apparatus is satisfied; and when determining that the use permission condition is not satisfied, at least any one of specific operations of a first restriction operation of restricting operation of the apparatus, a second restriction operation of subjecting the generated radiograph to processing for restricting use of the radiograph, and a notification operation of providing a notification regarding the use permission condition.

Abstract: A radiological imaging apparatus includes a first panel where a plurality of radiation detecting elements are arrayed on a first substrate, a second panel where a plurality of radiation detecting elements are arrayed on a second substrate, and a sheet-shaped adhesion part configured to adhere a second-panel side face of the first panel and a first-panel side face of the second panel to each other, so that the first panel and the second panel are overlaid on each other in planar view as to an upper face of the first substrate. The adhesion part is configured to maintain adhesion of the first panel and the second panel, while tolerating change in relative positions thereof in a planar direction parallel to the upper face of the first substrate.

Abstract: A radiation image capturing apparatus includes, as a plurality of pixels two-dimensionally arranged in an image capturing area, a plurality of image pixels configured to output electric signals for acquiring a radiation image and a plurality of detection pixels configured to output electric signals for detecting information about irradiation of the image capturing area with the irradiation. The plurality of detection pixels is arranged as a line-shaped detection pixel group in the image capturing area, and a plurality of detection driving lines is connected to the line-shaped detection pixel group. A readout circuit reads out, at different timings, the electric signals group by group to each of which a different one of the plurality of detection driving lines is connected in the line-shaped detection pixel group.

Abstract: An image sensor including a pixel array which includes pixels for sensing a reflected signal, incident on the pixel array to form reflected light spots separated from each other. Each pixel includes a photodetector and a readout circuit. The photodetector is configured to detect the reflected signal and output a photo response signal. The readout circuit is configured to generate a pixel output according to the photo response signal. The pixels include a first pixel and a second pixel adjacent to the first pixel along a first predetermined direction. The readout circuit of the first pixel is adjacent to the photodetector of the second pixel along the first predetermined direction, and adjacent to the photodetector of the first pixel along a second predetermined direction perpendicular to the first predetermined direction. The pixel array has a small pixel pitch and a high fill factor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to scintillating detector systems for radiation therapy beams. In one implementation, a detector system for evaluating radiation delivered by a radiation beam output from a beam generator may include a phantom enclosing an internal volume and having an outer surface, extending around the internal volume, for exposure to radiation, and an inner surface coated, at least in part, with a scintillating material and facing the internal volume. The system may further include a camera external to the enclosed volume and configured to view at least a portion of the inner surface, through an opening of the hollow phantom, when radiated by the radiation beam. The system may further include at least one processor configured to receive images from the camera and calculate, based on the received images, a spatial dose distribution produced by the radiation delivered by the radiation beam to the hollow phantom.

Abstract: Hybrid material for plastic scintillation measurement comprising: a polymeric matrix; and a fluorescent mixture incorporated in the polymeric matrix and comprising, with respect to the total number of moles of primary fluorophore in the incorporated fluorescent mixture, i) from 95.6 molar % to 99.6 molar % of a main primary fluorophore consisting of naphthalene and ii) from 0.4 molar % to 20 molar % of an additional primary fluorophore. The decay constant of the fluorescence of the hybrid material is intermediate between that of a fast plastic scintillator material and of a slow plastic scintillator material. Further, they can be chosen over a wide range. The invention also relates to an associated part, device and item of equipment, to their processes of manufacture or their methods of measurement.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring vapor partial pressures of water and carbon dioxide includes a pair of infrared (IR) sources and a pair of quad filter detectors are placed opposite to one another such that the vapor partial pressures of water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is measured and quantified in a short pathlength gas cell.

Abstract: Methods for logging a well utilizing natural radioactivity originating from clay based particulates are disclosed. The methods can include utilizing a gravel pack slurry containing a liquid and gravel pack particles to hydraulically place the particles into a gravel pack zone of a borehole penetrating a subterranean formation and obtaining a post gravel pack data set by lowering into the borehole traversing the subterranean formation a gamma ray detector and detecting gamma rays resulting from a native radioactivity of the gravel pack particles. The methods can further include using the post gravel pack data set to determine a location of the gravel pack particles and correlating the location of the gravel-pack particles to a depth measurement of the borehole to determine the location, height, and/or percent fill of gravel-pack particles placed in the gravel pack zone of the borehole.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel arrangement of photon sensors on a scintillation-crystal based gamma-ray detector that takes advantage of total internal reflection of scintillation light within the scintillation detector substrate. The present invention provides improved spatial resolution including depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolution while preserving energy resolution and detection efficiency, which is especially useful in small-animal or human positron emission tomography (PET) or other techniques that depend on high-energy gamma-ray detection. Moreover, the new geometry helps reduce the total number of readout channels required and eliminates the need to do complicated and repetitive cutting and polishing operations to form pixelated crystal arrays as is the standard in current PET detector modules.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a maximal dose deposited by a non-uniform X-ray beam within a medium comprising the steps of: (a) irradiating said medium by said non-uniform X-ray beam penetrating into a depth of said medium along an axis of said X-ray beam; (b) incrementally measuring a number of transversal dose distributions at successive depths along said axis; (c) determining a maximum dose within each of said number of transversal dose distributions; and (d) calculating a 1-Dimensional depth dependence of said maximal doses obtained from said number of transversal dose distributions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for calibration non-contact temperature sensors within a process chamber are described herein. The calibration of the non-contact temperature sensors includes the utilization of a band edge detector to determine the band edge absorption wavelength of a substrate. The band edge detector is configured to measure the intensity of a range of wavelengths and determines the actual temperature of a substrate based off the band edge absorption wavelength and the material of the substrate. The calibration method is automated and does not require human intervention or disassembly of a process chamber for each calibration.