Abstract: The aqueous acidic bath for electrochemical deposition of a shiny and tear-free copper coating, especially for reinforcement of conductive pathways of a printed circuit with outstanding breaking elongation, contains at least one copper salt, at least one inorganic acid and at least one alkoxylated lactam as an amide-group-containing compound. The aqueous acidic bath also includes, as necessary, a compound having a chloride ion, a sulfur-containing organic compound with a solubilizing group and another organic compound selected from a group including polyglycols defined in more detail hereinbelow in Table III.

Abstract: Miniaturized Clark-type oxygen electrodes includes a substrate having at least one recess groove formed on a surface thereof for receiving an electrolyte solution, and two electrodes acting as a cathode and an anode formed through an insulating layer on the surface of the substrate. Each of the electrodes is at least partially disposed in a bottom area of the recess. A solid or semi-solid, porous, electrolyte solution-containing material fills the recess, and an oxygen gas-permeable membrane covers and seals the recess and porous material received therein. Miniaturized biosensors are made using the oxygen electrode as a transducer. The oxygen electrodes and biosensors, which are extremely accurate, can be mass-produced and can be widely used in various fields such as clinical analysis, industrial processing, and in the determination of environmental conditions. The biosensors can be particularly used in clinical diagnosis and in monitoring devices for both in vivo and in vitro measurements.

Abstract: A process for etching copper or a copper base material with an aqueous solution consisting essentially of peroxydisulfuric acid, up to about 500 ppm of a halide addition and the balance water is described. The process includes off-line generation/regeneration of the etching solution. An electrochemical cell for generating/regenerating the etching solution is also described.

Abstract: An oxygen detection device utilizing a water permeable humidifier and two galvanic cells connected in series gas flow connection, each of the galvanic cells having an anode and cathode; the respective cathodes being connected to a common connection between two load resistors, and the respective anodes being separately connected across one each of the load resistors; the device further having a third galvanic cell in close proximity to a water permeable tube to provide an oxygen getter and humidifier.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for tunnel current measurement observed simultaneously with electrochemical measurement using an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell holds a tip, a counter electrode, a reference electrode and a sample in a solution. In the electrochemical cell, a tunnel current flowing between a sample and the tip is detected while controlling the electrode potential of the sample in a solution for electrochemical measurement. The detected tunnel current is represented as the surface image of the sample during electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: PCT Filed Nov. 19, 1987 PCT Pub. No. WO88/04050 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 2, 1988.An insulative substrate (1) is coated with an electrically conductive layer (2) and a redox layer (3) which comprises an electrolytic polymerization film of 2,6-dimethylphenol, and the surface of the redox layer is provided with an enzyme-fixed (7). The enzyme electrode thus obtained exhibits a potentiometric response, and the enzyme-fixed layer has a strong adhesion. As a result, sensitivity is high, there is little drift and service life is prolonged. An ion-selective field-effect transistor can be used instead of the insulative substrate (1).

Abstract: A target for forming a superconductive oxide film consists of 5 to 40% by volume of metallic copper and 60 to 95% by volume of an oxygen compound of barium and copper, strontium, calcium and copper, or barium, calcium and copper dispersed in the metallic copper, and the target is improved in thermal conductivity, electric resistivity and mechanical strength, because the metallic copper is large in those properties.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a praseodymium-iron alloy or a praseodymium-neodymium-iron alloy, which comprises using praseodymium fluoride (PrF.sub.3) or a mixture of praseodymium fluoride and neodymium fluoride (NdF.sub.3) as the starting material and carrying out the electrolysis in fused a salt bath having a composition comprising substantially 5 to 34% by weight of PrF.sub.3 or a mixture of PrF.sub.3 and NdF.sub.3 and 95 to 66% by weight of lithium fluoride (LiF) by using an iron cathode, and a process for the preparation of praseodymium metal or a praseodymium-neodymium alloy which comprises using praseodymium fluoride (PrF.sub.3) or a mixture of praseodymium fluoride and neodymium fluoride (NdF.sub.3) as the starting material and carrying out the electrolysis in a fused salt bath having a comprising substantially 5 to 75% by weight of PrF.sub.3 or the mixture of PrF.sub.3 and NdF.sub.3 and 95 to 25% by weight of lithium fluoride (LiF) by using a cathode of carbon or an infusible metal.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for measuring the activity of one or more ionic species such as pNa, pK, pCa, pNH.sub.4, pCl etc. consisting of two sensors selective to the actual ionic species, one of which is used as the reference electrode and the other as the measurement electrode.The two sensors are chosen preferably identical.The electrode used as the reference electrode is brought into contact with a solution of known ionic activity and an ionic strength which is greater, equal to or substantially greater than that of the unknown solution to be measured.The measurement electrode is brought into contact with the unknown solution to be measured, while a third electrode is used purely for instrumental reasons and does not participate in the measurement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing thin superconductor film of high temperature oxide type ceramic superconductors by cathodic sputtering and in which the highest possible oxygen partial pressure is utilized in the space between the cathode and the substrate. Ionizing radiation can be introduced into the space as well.

Abstract: According to the invention organic monolayer films are applied to an electrically conductive substrate, resulting in an electrode which can be used in electrochemical processes. The said film serves as ultrathin membrane and allows certain selected species to approach the substrate and be detected. The film comprises active species which are selective towards specific species contained in mixture with others and a blocking surface sealing component. It is also possible to use one compound serving both purposes. The components of the film are attached to the substrate by a variety of means: adsorption, chemisorption, electro-chemical deposition.

Abstract: The invention relates to an analyzer for liquids with at least one module (10) including a measuring line (14) having a reference electrode (16) and at least one measuring electrode (18). Measuring pads (48) borne by a carrier (80) can be pressed onto the measuring line; when out of contact therewith, they can be moved to and fro. The carrier may be elongated and adapted for sliding along a guiding rod (76). A spring-biased bar parallel thereto is pivotable and guides the carrier (80) as the latter is moved, e.g. when engaged by a tappet (68) of a motor-driven crank disk (66). A module chamber (30) is flow-connected to the measuring line (14) via a capillary aperture (28) in a flexible supply tube (26). Expediently, the capillary aperture (28) limits the leakage of an electrolyte in the chamber (30) to a maximum rate of 0.1 .mu.l per 24 hours at ambient pressure and ambient temperature.

Abstract: An oxygen concentration-sensing device has an oxygen concentration-sensing element which senses the concentration of oxygen contained in a gas, and a heater which heats the sensing element. A control device is electrically connected to the heater for controlling the supply of electricity to the heater so as to bring the temperature of the heater to a desired temperature. A coupler connects between the sensing element and the control device. A compensating resistance is accommodated in the coupler, which has a resistance value corresponding to a resistance value of the heater assumed at the desired temperature. The control device controls the supply of electricity to the heater based upon electrical information obtained from the compensating resistance.

Abstract: More effective electrochemical activation of IVD aluminum coatings, stable against the formation of passive oxide films, is made possible by ionic vapor deposition of metal-coated or alloyed aluminum or magnesium wire onto steel or aluminum substrates.

Abstract: Process for the visual inspection of an electrode (anode) having an activated layer for electrogalvanizing plants for steel bands in which the electrode to be tested is inserted between anode and cathode of a sodium sulfate electrolytic cell with the surface to be tested facing toward the cathode. After a voltage is applied the development of the gas bubbles on the activated layer is monitored by means of a video camera.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an electrochemical measuring cell for determining ammonia and its derivatives in a gaseous or liquid measuring sample. The measuring cell has at least one anode and at least one cathode which are disposed in an electrolyte chamber filled with a soluble electrolyte. The electrolyte chamber is closed off in the direction facing toward the measuring sample by a permeable membrane. The measuring cell provides a more selective ammonia sensor having the following advantages: a short response time, a linear response and exhibits the lowest possible tendency toward drift. The electrolyte of the measuring cell is so configured that the reaction products of the measuring reaction do not affect subsequent measurements.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell which includes a solid electrolyte body and a plurality of electrodes formed on the solid electrolyte body, for determining the concentration of a component contained in a measurement gas. The electrodes include at least one porous electrode exposed to the measurement gas. The method includes a step of preparing an unfired electrode material for the porous electrode or electrodes, which includes an inorganic compound which produces a gas at an elevated temperature, and an electrically conductive material. The unfired electrode material is applied to the solid electrolyte body to form an unfired electrode layer or layers corresponding to the porous electrode or electrodes. The formed unfired electrode layer or layers is/are heated to a temperature higher than the above-indicated elevated temperature, to form the porous electrode or electrodes.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting degradation of the metal-polyimide bond of a metal-polyimide composite due to electrochemical reduction of the polyimide while electroplating wherein the electroplating process is carried out in an ammonium ions-based plating solution.

Abstract: Solid electrolytic substance comprises yttrium oxide (Y.sub.2 O.sub.3), silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2) and zirconium oxide (ZrO.sub.2), and when represented by a general formula of aY.sub.2 O.sub.3 .multidot.bSiO.sub.2 (1-A-b)ZrO.sub.2, a and b are respectively within a range of 0.012.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0.122 and 0.088.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.0.385, showing a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of non-electrolytic ceramic (alumina).

Abstract: A field-effect transistor-type semiconductor sensor is provided which comprises first and second semiconductor substrates bonded strongly to each other interposing a silicon oxide film therebetween by the use of a direct-bonding technique. The first semiconductor substrate is formed into an island-shape, and incorporates a source region, a drain region and a gate region. The island-shaped substrate constitutes an ion-sensitive portion, and is immersed in a solution when in use. The second semiconductor substrate has openings in which source and drain electrodes are formed.